APBiology生物学术语中英对照.pptx

Chapter 1&2 Chapter 1&2p1.biology 生物学 pThe study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world.p2.organism 生物pAnything that possesses all the characteristics of life;all organisms have an orderly structure,produce offspring,grow,develop,and adjust to changes in the environment.p3.organization 组织porderly structure of cells in an organism;a characteristic of all living thingspreproduction 繁殖pproduction of offspring by an organism;a characteristic of all living thingspspecies 物种pa group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in naturepgrowth 生长pincrease in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism;a characteristic of all living thingspenvironment 环境pbiotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust;includes air,water,weather,temperature,other organisms and many other factors.pstimulus 刺激panything in an organisms internal or externaml environment that causes the organism to reactpresponse 反应pan organisms reaction to a chance in its internal or external environmentphomeostasis 稳态porganisms regulation of its internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival;a characteristic of all living things.process of maintaing equilibrium in cells internal environmentspenergy 能量 pthe ability to cause chance;organisms use energy to perform biological functionpadaptation 适应pevolution of a structure,behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspringpevolution 进化pgradual change in a species through adaptations over timepscientific method 科学方法pprocedures that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions,include observing and hypothesizing,experimenting and gathering and interpreting results.phypothesis 假设pexplanation for a question or a problem that can be formally testedpexperiment 实验pprocedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled condidtions.pcontrol 控制pin an experiment,the standard against which results are compared.pindependent variable 自变量pin an experiment the condition that is tested because it affexts the outcome of the experimentpdependent variable 因变量pin an experiment,the condition that results from changes in the independent variablepdata 数据pinformation obtained from experiments,sometimes called experimental resultsptechnology 科技papplication of scientific research to societys needs and problemspecology 生态学pscientific study of interactions between organisms and their environmentspbiosphere 生态圈pportion of the earth that supports life;extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the oceanspabiotic factors 非生物因素pnonliving parts of an organisms environment;air currents,temperature,moisture,light and soil are examples.pbiotic factors 生物因素pall the living organisms that inhabit an environmentppopulation 种群pgroup of organisms all of the same species,which interbreed and live in the same place at the same timepbiological community 生态群落 pa community made up of interacting populations in a certain area at a certain timepecosystem 生态系统pinteractions among populations in a community,the communitys physical surroundings or abiotic factorsphabitat 栖息地pplace where an organism lives out its lifepniche 小生境prole or position a species has in its environment,includes all biotic and abiotic interactions as an animal meets its need for survival and reproductionpsymbiosis 共生ppermanent,close association between two or more organisms of different speciespmutalism 互利共生pa symbotic relationship in which both species benefitpcommensalism 共栖psymbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefitedpparasitism 寄生psymbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of another,usually another speciespautotroph 自养型生物pan organism that uses energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compunds to manufacture their own materialspheterotroph 异养型生物porganism that cannot make its own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrientspdecomposers 分解者porganisms,such as fungi and bacteria,that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organismspfood chain 食物链psimple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystemptrophic level 营养级porganism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an organisms than any other biomepfood web 食物网pmodel that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a communitypbiomass 生物量（或生物的数量）pthe total mass or weight of all living matter in a given areaphttp:/ 2-5 Chapter 2-5plimiting factor 限制因素pany biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence,numbers,reproduction,or distribution of organisms.pbiome 生物群系pgroup of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communitiespestuaryp河口湾pA coastal body of water,partially surrounded by land,in which freshwater and saltwater mixptaigap针叶树林地带pbiome just south of the tundra;characterized by a northern coniferous forest composed of pine,fir,hemlock,and spruce tree and acidic,mineral-poor topsoilsprain forestp雨林pa biome near the equator with warm temperatures,wet weather,and lush plant growthptundrap苔原pBiome that surrounds the north and south poles;treeless land;characterized by topsoil that is a layer of permafrost.pcarrying capacityp承载量pthe maximum number of organisms of one species,or the maximum population size,which an environment is able to support indefinitelypdensity-dependent factorp密度制约因子plimiting factors,such as disease,parasites or food availability that affect growth of a populationpdensity-independent factor p非密度制约因子pfactor such as temperature,storms,floods,drought,or habitat disruption that affects all populations,regardless of their densitypexponential growth 指数增长ppopulation growth pattern where a population grows faster as it increases in sizepbirth rate 出生率pthe number of babies born per 1,000 people in an area in a given yearpdeath rate 死亡率pnumber of deaths per 1000 population in a given yearpbiodiversity 生物多样性pvariety of life in an area;usually measured as the number of species that live in an areapendangered species 濒危物种pa species in which the number of individuals falls so low that extinction is possiblepextinction 灭绝pthe disappearance of a species when the last of its members diesphabitat degradation 栖息地退化pdamage to a habitat by air,water,and land pollutionphabitat fragmentation 栖息地断裂pthe separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areaspozone layer 臭氧层player of the atmosphere that helps to protect living organisms on Earths surface from damaging doses of ultraviolet radiation from the sunpcaptivity 笼养（或樊笼）pwhen members of a species are held by people in zoos or other conservation facilitiespconservation biology 保护生物学pfield of biology that studies methods and implements plans to protect biodiversitypsuccession 演替porderly,natural changes,and species replacements that take place in ecosystem communities over time.pdesert 沙漠parid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant lifepgrassland 草地pbiome composed of large communities covered with rich soil,grasses,and similar small plantsptemperate deciduous forest 温带落叶林pbiome composed of forests of broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually Biology Chapter 6(Glencoe,Dynamics of Life)Biology Chapter 6(Glencoe,Dynamics of Life)pacid 酸pany substance that forms hydrogen ions(H+)in water,pH below 7;sour taste;turns blue litmus red;phenolphthalein remains clear;example:lemon juicepatom 原子psmallest particle of an element that still retains the same characteristics of the element;composed of neutrons,protons and electronspbase 碱pany substance that forms hydroxide ions in water(OH-);pH above 7;bitter taste;slippery;turns red litmus blue;phenolphthalein turns pink;example:soappcompound 化合物pcomposed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemcially combined;can be either covalently or ionicly combinedpcovalent bond 化学键pa bond formed between two or more atoms by the sharing of electrons;most organisms have covalent compounds within their structure;examples include lipids,protiens and waterpelement 元素pa substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances;composed of the same type of atomspion 离子pcharged particle made of atoms;can be positve when there are more protons than electrons or can be negative when there are more electrons than protonspionic bond 离子键pattractive force between two ions of opposite charge;example:salt,NaCl;Na+has a positive charge and Cl-has a negative chargepisotope 同位素patoms of the same element that different number of neutrons;has the same number of protons;can be radioactivepmetabolism 新陈代谢pAll of the chemical reactions that occur within an organismpmixture 混合物pcombination of substances in which the individual components retain thier own properties;example-sugar in water or salt in waterpmolecule 分子pgroup of atoms held together by covalent bonds;no overall charge;examples:glucose and waterpnucleus 原子核pcenter of an atom;contains the protons and neutrons;postively charged.Atomic mass is the combination of the neutrons and protons,atomic number is the number of protons onlypPH 酸碱度pmeasure of how acidic or basic a solution is;pH scale is from 0 to 14.0 to 7 is acidic;7 to 14 is basic;7 is neutralpsolution 溶液pa mixture in which onre or more substances(solute)are distributed evenly in another substance(solvent);water is the universal solvent;example:sweet iced teapamino acid 氨基酸pbuiling blocks of proteins;20 amino acidspcarbohydrate 碳水化合物pbiomolecule composed of carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen in a ratio of of two hydrogen atoms to one carbon atom to one oxygen atom;starch,glycogen and cellulose are forms of this biomoleculepenzyme 酶pprotein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction;is not changed in reaction;is affected by heat and pH;if no longer can function-is said to be denaturedpiosmerpcompounds that have the same chemical formula but have different three dimensional structures;examples include glucose and fructose,both have the same chemical composition:C6H12O6.plipid 脂质plarge moleucles composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms with a few oxygen atoms;examples include waxes,fats,oils and steroids;insoluble in water;make up part of cell membranepnucleic acid核酸pcomplex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code;DNA and RNA are examplespnucleotide 核苷酸pconsist of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen and phosphorus;building blocks of nucleic acids;three groups:nitrogenous base,simple sugar and a phosphate groupppeptide bond 肽键pcovalent bond formed between amino acids;creates proteinsppolymer 多聚物plarge molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together;can be formed by condensation-removal of water or can be formed by the creation of peptide bondspprotein 蛋白质plarge complex polymer composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen and sometimes sulfur;building blocks are amino acids;enzymes;created at ribosomesppolar molecule 极性分子pmolecule with an unequal distribution of charge,resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end.phydrogen bond 氢键pweak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atomspdiffusion 扩散prandom movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentrationpdynamic equilibrium 动态平衡presult of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentrationChapter 7 Biology:dynamics of lifeChapter 7 Biology:dynamics of lifepCell 细胞pthe basic structural and functional unit of all organismspNucleus 细胞核pa part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproductionpProkaryote 原核细胞界pa unicellular organism having cells lacking membrane-bound nucleipPhospholipid 磷脂pany of various compounds composed of fatty acids and phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous basepSelective Permability 选择渗透性pa process in which the plasma membrane of a cell allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others outpCell Wall细胞壁pa thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cellpCell Theory 细胞理论pthe theory that cells form the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organismspEukaryote 真核细胞pan organism with cells characteristic of all life forms except primitive microorganisms such as bacteriapOrganelle 细胞器pa specialized part of a cellpFluid Mosaic Model 流动镶嵌模型pThe currently accepted model of cell membrane structure,which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.pTransport Proteins 运输蛋白质pA transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.pChorophyll叶绿素pgreen substance in a chloroplast that traps energy from sunlightpChloroplast 叶绿体pplastid containing chlorophyll and other pigmentspCilia 纤毛pshort,hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cellpCytoskeleton 细胞骨架pa microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherencepFlagella 鞭毛pwhiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movementpLysosome 溶酶体pan organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells(especially in leukocytes and liver and kidney cells)pMitochondria 线粒体pPowerhouse of the cell,organelle that is the site of ATP(energy)productionpNucleous 核仁 plarge membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cells gentic,aterial in the form of DNApRibosome 核糖体pan organelle in the cytoplasm of a living cellpChromatin染色质pthe readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteinspCytoplasm细胞质pa jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspendedpEndoplasmic Reticulum 内质网pan internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructedpGolgi Appartus 高尔基体pto modify,sort,and package protiens and other materialsf rom the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cellpMicrofilament 微丝psolid rod of protein,thinner than a microtubule,that enables a cell to move or change shapepMicrotubules 微管phollow tubes of protein about 25 nanometers in diameter,support the cell and moves porganelles 细胞器pwithin the cell Ex:look like strawspPlastid 质体pany of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or proteinpVacuole 液泡pa tiny cavity filled with fluid in the cytoplasm of a cellBiology:The Dynamics of Life Ch 8Biology:The Dynamics of Life Ch 8posmosis 渗透（作用）pdiffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membranepisotonic solution等渗溶液pin cells,solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances in a cellphypotonic solution