中级宏观经济学macroch3.pptx

macro macroeconomics sixth editionN.Gregory Mankiw第第2篇篇 古典理论：长期中的经济古典理论：长期中的经济Part Classical Theory:The Economy in the Long Runmacro macroeconomics sixth editionN.Gregory MankiwCHAPTER THREENational Income:Where it Comes From and Where it Goes国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 2In this chapter you will learn:what determines the economys total output/income是什么决定了经济的总产出/收入how the prices of the factors of production are determined产出要素的价格是如何决定的how total income is distributed总收入如何分配what determines the demand for goods and services什么因素决定产品与服务需求how equilibrium in the goods market is achieved如何实现产品与服务市场的均衡CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 3Figure 3.1 The Circular Flow of Dollars Through the Economy货币在经济中的循环流程产品与服务市场消费企业收益家庭企业政府政府购买投资税收公众储蓄金融市场私人储蓄收入生产要素市场生产要素支付CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 4Outline of modelA closed economy,market-clearing model封闭经济，市场出清Supply side供应方factor markets(supply,demand,price)生产要素市场（供给、需求、价格）determination of output/income产出/收入的决定Demand side需求方determinants of C,I,and G C，I，G 的决定Equilibrium均衡goods market产品与服务市场loanable funds market可贷资金市场CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 5Factors of productionK =capital,K=资本tools,machines,and structures used in production用于生产的工具、机器、厂房等L =labor,L=劳动力 the physical and mental efforts of workers工人的体力和脑力劳动CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 6The production functiondenoted Y=F(K,L)shows how much output(Y)the economy can produce fromK units of capital and L units of labor.产出Y是资本K 和劳动L 的函数 reflects the economys level of technology.反映经济的技术水平exhibits constant returns to scale.具有规模报酬不变的特征CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 7Returns to scale:a reviewInitially Y1 =F(K1,L1)Scale all inputs by the same factor z:K2 =zK1 and L2 =zL1 (If z=1.25,then all inputs are increased by 25%)What happens to output,Y2=F(K2,L2)?If constant returns to scale规模报酬不变,Y2=zY1 If increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增,Y2 zY1 If decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减,Y2 G,budget surplus=(T G)=public saving公共储蓄0When T G,budget deficit=(G T)and public saving is negative公共储蓄 0big tax cuts:T 0According to our model,both policies reduce national saving:CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 621.The Reagan deficits,cont.rS,II(r)r1I1r22.which causes the real interest rate to rise引起实际利率上升I23.which reduces the level of investment.减少投资水平1.The increase in the deficit reduces saving赤字增加储蓄减少CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 63Are the data consistent with these results?variable1970s1980sT G2.23.9S19.617.4r1.16.3I19.919.4TG,S,and I are expressed as a percent of GDPAll figures are averages over the decade shown.CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 64Now you tryDraw the diagram for the loanable funds model.Suppose the tax laws are altered to provide more incentives for private saving.假设税法鼓励私人储蓄 What happens to the interest rate and investment?利率和投资发生什么变化(Assume that T doesnt change)CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 65Mastering the loanable funds model2.Things that shift the investment curve影响投资曲线的因素certain technological innovations 技术创新to take advantage of the innovation,firms must buy new investment goods企业增加投资tax laws that affect investment税收政策影响投资investment tax credit投资税赋优惠CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 66An increase in investment demandAn increase in desired investmentrS,II1I2r1r2raises the interest rate.But the equilibrium level of investment cannot increase because thesupply of loanable funds is fixed.但是均衡的投资水平没有增加，因为可贷资金供给不变CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 69Chapter summary1.Total output is determined by总产出取决于how much capital and labor the economy has资本量和劳动量the level of technology技术水平2.Competitive firms hire each factor until its marginal product equals its price.完全竞争企业按边际产量等于其价格的原则雇佣劳动 3.If the production function has constant returns to scale,then labor income plus capital income equals total income(output).假设生产函数规模报酬不变，总收入/总产出=劳动收入+资本收入CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 70Chapter summary4.The economys output is used for总产出包括consumption 消费（取决于可支配收入）(which depends on disposable income)Investment投资（取决于实际利率）(depends on the real interest rate)government spending政府购买（外生给定变量）(exogenous)5.The real interest rate adjusts to equate the demand for and supply of实际利率调整使供求均衡goods and services产品与服务市场loanable funds可贷资金市场CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3 National Income National Income2024/10/1 周二slide 71Chapter summary6.A decrease in national saving causes the interest rate to rise and investment to fall.国民储蓄的减少使利率上升，投资减少 7.An increase in investment demand causes the interest rate to rise,but does not affect the equilibrium level of investment if the supply of loanable funds is fixed.投资增加引起利率上升，但并不影响均衡的投资水平，假设可贷资金供给不变