since-when--or-from-where.doc

从since when说起，浅谈几个特殊的定语从句
 定语从句是高考的热点之一，在每年的高考英语试题中，几乎所以省份都会考查一处定语从句。而且，最近几年还考到了比较特殊的用法。请看两道山东卷中的试题：
【典型例题】
1. He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge. (2005年山东卷)
A. from which            B. after that               C. after which                     D. from this
2. The book was written in 1946, ______ the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007年山东卷)
A. when                B. during which            C. since then                     D. since when
【典例分析】
1. 句意：他在当地一所文法学校上学，之后他便去了剑桥。根据句意可排除A、D两项；after that意为“然后，之后”，但不能引导一个定语从句，因此B项也被排除；after which相当于and after that，不但符合语境，而且能引导定语从句，故答案为C。
2. 句意：该书写于1946年，从那以后教育制度已经历了巨大变化。根据从句中的现在完成时态和句意，我们可排除A、B两项；短语since then意为“从那以后”，但不能引导一个定语从句，因此也排除了C项；故此处应选D项，since when相当于and since then，它能引导一个定语从句。
【同类例句】
除了上述例题外，我们还回见到下面的例子：
1. At home, he never seems to have time until after 10:30 pm, by which time his children have gone to bed.
= At home, he never seems to have time until after 10:30 pm, and by that time his children have gone to bed.
在家里，他好像十点半之后才有空，到那时孩子们已上床睡觉了。
2. We were next-door neighbors for three years, during which time we met only twice.
= We were next-door neighbors for three years, and during this/that time we met only twice.
我们做了三年隔壁邻居，在此期间我们只见过两次面。
3. It occurred to him that it would save a lot of trouble to destroy the advertisement, in which case, he would have to explain to Peter.
=It occurred to him that it would save a lot of trouble to destroy the advertisement, but in that case, he would have to explain to Peter.
       他曾想到过，撤销广告会避免很多麻烦；但是如果那样的话，他必须向皮特做出解释。
4. I was told my work was unsatisfactory, at which point I submitted my resignation.
= I was told my work was unsatisfactory, and at this/that point I submitted my resignation.
       被告知我的工作不能令人满意，闻讯后我便递交了辞呈。
5. He is studying economics, which knowledge is pretty important today.
= He is studying economics, and this knowledge is pretty important today.
       他在学习经济学，这门知识在当今非常重要。
6. He stood by the window, from where he could see what was happening outside.
= He stood by the window, and from there he could see what was happening outside.
       他站在窗子旁边，从那儿他能看到外面发生的一切。
【小结点拨】
根据上面的例句，我们不妨做出如下总结：①带有this, that的短语，引导定语从句时，要将this, that变为which；②带有here, there的短语，引导定语从句时，要将here, there变为where；③带有then, now的短语，引导定语从句时，要将then, now变为when；④带有one's的短语，引导定语从句时，要将one's变为whose。
【自我小测】
1. He believes in public ownership, ______ idea I quite opposed to.
       A. this                          B. that                    C. which                          D. what
2. The baby is due in May, ______ the new house should be finished.(2010年泰安二轮质检)
      A. by then                   B. by which              C. by when                   D. since when
3. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ______ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. (2005年重庆)
A. during which time       B. for which time       C. during whose time       D. by that time
4. This is the small house less than 15 square meters, under ______ roof lives a large family of three generations. (2008杭州高三模拟)
A. which                           B. that                    C. its                                 D. whose
5. The famous scientist, ______ a dinner party will be held tonight, is to arrive soon. (2008山东济南)
A. in honour of him          B. in his honour      C. in whose honour           D. in which honour
【答案】1. C        2. C        3. A        4. D      5. C
【2007年全国英语竞赛高二级决赛】
That was written in 1946, since______the education system has undergone great changes.
A then      B when      C there      D which
〖分析〗：先分析后面的句子，成分全都齐全了，而A和C都不可引导定语从句，所以可排除。剩下B、D。而一般会误选D。但是因为后面的主要成分不缺，而"which"显然在此也不指代前面的整句话，所以不选D。选"when"指代前边的"in 1946"。不要逗号变成并列句改动如下：
That was written in 1946 and since then the education system has undergone great changes.
把逗号改为句号，变成两个简单句，改动如下：
That was written in 1946. Since then the education system has undergone great changes.
【2007年山东卷高考第35题】
The book was written in 1946, _________ the education system has witnessed great changes.
A．when      B．during which     C．since then      D．since when
〖分析〗：考查since when的用法。若选A、B项，则与题干中的时态has witnessed不符。since then不能引导定语从句，排除C。since表示“自……以来”，常与完成时连用。注意题干中含非限制性定语从句，when是关系副词，since when相当于and since 1946。
【典型试题】
The new China was founded in 1949, ______ great changes have taken place.
A. when      B. during which      C. since then      D. since when 
答案：1. D