高中定语从句知识点汇总.doc

定语从句知识点汇总

一、先行词
二、 关系词
1. 关系代词：
2. 关系副词：

三、 分类
1. 限制性定语从句：对先行词有限制，区分的作用，并与先行词有着不可分割的关系，不能省略
2. 非限制性定语从句：对先行词起补充说明的作用，可省略不会影响主句的意思，与主句用逗号隔开
3. 区别：
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
与先行词关系密切，删除后会影响整个句子意思的表达

不用逗号分开

可用关系代词that

关系代词可省略（that,which,who在从句中作宾语可以省略）

关系代词可以替代，whom作宾语时可用who或that替代

读时不停顿

只可以修饰名词或代词，不可修饰句子

4. 非限制性定语从句的特殊情况
4.1有些既可以做限制性，又可以做非限制性的定语从句，其含义不同
There are 20 students in this class who are from the north of China.
There are 20 students in this class,who are from the north of China.
5. 关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句

四、 关系词的用法
1.which,that
which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语
that指人或物，指人可与who，whom互换；指物可与which互换

2.who,whom
从句中的介词提到关系代词词前，whom作宾语，不能用who代替
In our class there are 46 students, of whom half wear glasses.
先行词为指人的one,ones,anyone或those时，关系代词用who；双重定语从句中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个指人的关系代词用who。

3. whose
表示“……的”。可指人或物。用来指物时，
whose+名词=限定词+名词+of which=of which+限定词+名词
The house whose windows face south is ours.
The house the window of which face south is ours.=The house of which the window face south is ours.
4. as
作为关系代词可指人或物，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语。
一般用于such...as 、the same...as 、as...as结构中，表示“像”的意思
We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before.
He is not the same man as he was.
4.1the same...as/that...和such...as/that
①the same...as/that...
as引导的定语从句往往侧重方式：I bought the same phone as you bought.
that引导的定语从句侧重指同一个对象：I met the same person that I saw that day.
②such...as/that
as引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，宾语等：Peter is not such an intelligent person as you think.
that引导结果状语从句，在句子中不作成分：He came to such a sudden stop that we almost hit him.
4.2 as和which的区别
①④⑤⑥⑦⑧都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换
②as引导的从句可以位于主句之前，之中和之后；而which只能位于主句之后
③当非限制性定语从句为否定句或谓语带的是复合宾语结构时，用which来引导
He criticized Mary in public,which she doesn’t like at all.
He was always late for school,which made his teacher unhappy.
④先行词作主语且定语从句为被动语态时，通常用as不用which；如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语
She passed the exam, as was expected.
Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me happy.
⑤当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，通常用which不用as
Tom was late for work again and again,which made his boss very angry.
⑥固定搭配：
as we know/as is known to all
as we all can see
as has been said before/above
as might be expected
as is often the case
⑦在从句中作介词宾语时，只能用which
She might possibly come,in which case I’ll tell you.

5. 只用that不用which
5.1 当先行词是all,much,little,few,everything等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。
5.2当先行词被the only,the last,the very等修饰时。
5.3当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
5.4当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
5.5当先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
5.6当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。
5.7当先行词是主句的表语，或关系代词在从句中作表语时：Jack is not the man that he was.
5.8当主句以here,there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。

6. 只用which不用that
6.1关系代词前有介词。
6.2在非限制性定语从句中。
6.3先行词本身是that,those（指物）或双重定语从句中其中一个已用关系代词that时。
6.4先行词后有插入语时。
Here is the CD which,as I have told you, is a great help to you.

7. 只用who不用that
7.1先行词为表示人的不定代词anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,one,no one时。
7.2先行词为those且指人时。
7.3在指人的非限制性定语从句中。

8.which/that/what
连接词what可以看作关系代词和先行词的结合，即what=the person/place/thing which/that。
表示“所....的。”
what 不引导定语从句，而是引导名词性从句。what引导句子，没有先行词，起名词作用。What引导宾语从句可以和that引导的定语从句互换。
Tell me anything (that) you know.=Tell me what you know.

9. 介词+关系代词
既能够引导限制性，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。指物用which，指人用whom。介词不可省略，如果要省略，必须将介词放在从句句末。
9.1介词的确定
①根据定语从句中动词，形容词所需要的习惯搭配来确定。
②根据先行词搭配的具体含义来确定。
③根据所表达的意思来确定。
9.2介词+关系代词结构的变式
①介词+关系代词+不定式
She must have time in which she could grow calm.(=in which to grow calm)
Frank’s dream is to have his own garden in which he can produce many beautiful flowers.(=in which to produce many beautiful flowers)
②名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely.
There are about 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from Haidian District.

10. 关系副词：
作时间状语：when=at/in/on/during which
作地点状语：where=in/at/to/on which
作原因状语：why=for which
10.1 辨析The reason why.../The reason that.../The reason is that...
The reason why...中why引导的是定语从句，why在句子中作原因状语，可以替换成for which。
The reason that...中that引导的是同位语从句，that不作成分，that后面的内容说明reason的内容。
The reason is that...是that引导的表语从句，不能用because,以免重复。

五、 其他
1. 主谓一致：从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的单复数保持一致。在“(the) one of + 复数名词”结构中，定语从句中的谓语动词常用复数形式。但是在the one of +复数形式或the only one of +复数名词结构中，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

2. 关系词的省略与不可省略：
2.1关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语，表语时可以省略
2.2关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词在从句句尾时
2.3非限制性定从中的关系代词不可省略
2.4介词+关系代词中的关系代词不可省略
2.5表示时间的名词后关系副词可以省略，如the time,the moment
2.6表示地点名词后关系副词可以省略，如the place
2.7先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略
2.8先行词为way（方法，手段）时，关系副词可以省略
3. 如何判断定语从句和同位语从句
3.1根据that在从句中是否作成分来判断：that在定语从句中担任成分，在同位语从句中不做成分。
The news(that)he told me yesterday is not true.
The news that he singer will come here is not true.
3.2根据意思来判断：在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则是定语从句。
The news is (that) he told me yesterday.句子不成立
The news is that the singer will come here.句子成立

4. 定语从句转变为ing和ed形式
4.1直接转化为ing或ed形式,，去掉定语从句中who/which is/was/are/were.
The boy (who is ) playing the piano is from London.
I like this film,(which was) directed by Zhang Yimou.
4.2将句子中的动词进行ing形式转化
①The number of people who learn Chinese rises each year.
=The number of people learning Chinese rises each year.
②My grandfather,who hasn’t been used to living in the city,has decided to settle in the country.
=My grandfather,not having been used to living in the city,has decided to settle in the country.
=Not having been used to living in the city, my grandfather has decided to settle in the country.

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