建筑专业英语讲义省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

主讲人：主讲人：徐西雨徐西雨 关清源关清源 孟孟 康康 杜文旺杜文旺第1页Part 1 Warm-up Activties1.Assembly sequence of a prefabricated building.按次序装配预制建筑。按次序装配预制建筑。The sequence is divided into four stages or phases:这个次序划分为四个阶段或部分：这个次序划分为四个阶段或部分：Ground is excavated挖掘地基Concrete foundations are constructed混凝土基础结构Column base plates are fixed柱形基础板固定Steel columns are erected树立钢柱Phase 1第2页 First,the ground is excavated.Then,the concrete foundations are constructed.Later,the column base plates are fixed.Finally,the steel columns are erected.首先，挖掘地基。然后，搭建混凝土基础结构。之后，确定柱形基础板。最终，树立钢柱。Phase 2Roof decking is put in place屋顶装饰Upper floor steel columns are erected楼上树立钢柱Concrete floor slabs are put in place浇制混凝土楼板Beams and bracing are fixed固定梁和支撑结构 Now look at the drawings of the next three stages and make statements about the sequence of events in phases 2,3 and 4.现在看看接下来三个阶段图纸和在2,3,4部分关于项目次序说明。第3页Weatherproof roof membrane is laid铺设防风雨屋顶防水层Balustrade fixing plates are fixed固定栏杆固定板Comer units are erected树立边角构件Horizontal cladding panels are fixed固定水平电镀板Vertical cladding panels are fixed固定垂直覆盖层板 Suspended ceilings are fixed固定吊顶Partitions are erected划分区域Services are installed in the ceiling void在吊顶空间安装服务Floor finishes are laid铺设地板Building is decorated建筑装饰Phase 3Phase 4第4页3.Identify the part of the building or the phase of assembly sequence described in these sentences:确定建筑物一部分或这些句子中描述装配次序阶段：确定建筑物一部分或这些句子中描述装配次序阶段：a)This cannot be put in place until the upper floor steel columns have been erected.这个不能到位，知道楼上树立好钢柱。b)Before fixing these,the workmen erect the corner units.在处理这些之前，工人们建造角落单位。c)During this phase the beams and bracing are fixed.在这个阶段，梁和支撑是固定。d)The workmen fix these after constructing the concrete foundations.工人们将在之后浇筑混凝土基础。e)The electric wiring is installed during this phase.在这个阶段安装电线。f)When the balustrade fixing plates have fixed,the workmen can start laying this.在栏杆固定杆固定后，工人们开始铺设。第5页Part 2 Controlled1.Look at this time schedule of a building project:看一个建筑项目时间表：第6页50%32%18%1.foreman工头工头-supervision监督管理监督管理2.labourers劳工劳工-doing manual work做体力劳动做体力劳动3.machine drivers机械工人机械工人-excavating ground挖掘土地挖掘土地4.steel erectors钢结构安装工钢结构安装工-erecting steelwork安装钢结构安装钢结构5.bricklayers砖瓦匠砖瓦匠-building brickwork砌筑砖墙砌筑砖墙6.plumbers水管工水管工-installation of pipework and sanitary fittings 管道工程与洁具安装管道工程与洁具安装7.joiners连接工连接工-manufacture of doors,windows,screens 制作门，窗，屏幕等制作门，窗，屏幕等8.carpenters木匠木匠-fixing of floor joists,roof timbers,doors,windows 安装地板托梁，屋顶木材，门，窗等安装地板托梁，屋顶木材，门，窗等9.roofing contractor屋面承包方屋面承包方-laying roof covering铺设屋面覆盖层铺设屋面覆盖层10.cladding fixers包层调停者包层调停者-fixing cladding固定维修包层固定维修包层11.heating contractor加热承包商加热承包商-installation of heating equipment 安装加热设备安装加热设备12.electricians电工电工-installation of electrical equipment电气设备安装电气设备安装13.glaziers装玻璃工人装玻璃工人-putting in glazing安装玻璃安装玻璃14.decorators室内装潢师室内装潢师-decorating building建筑装潢建筑装潢相关词汇：相关词汇：第7页Manager经理经理Project manager项目经理项目经理Resident construction manager驻工地总代表驻工地总代表Construction superintendent工工地主任地主任Controller staff member管理员，管理员，职员职员Engineer工程师工程师Technician技术员技术员Economist经济员经济员Supervisor检验员检验员Foreman工长工长Worker工人工人Civil engineering土建工程土建工程Chemical engineering化工工程化工工程Process工艺工艺Mechanical equipment机械设备机械设备Electrical电气电气Instrumentation仪表仪表Piping管道管道Welding焊接焊接Furnace筑炉筑炉Building建筑建筑Corrosion prevention防腐防腐Thermal-insulation保温保温Heating-ventilation采暖通风采暖通风Quality control质量管理质量管理第8页Mechanic机械工机械工Electrician电工电工Pipelayer管工管工Welder焊工焊工Carpenter木工木工Turner车工车工Blacksmith铁工铁工Builder建筑工人建筑工人Erector安装工人安装工人Riveter铆工铆工Rigger起重工起重工Concrete worker混凝土工混凝土工Engine-driver司机司机Repair worker维修工维修工Piling打桩打桩Civil engineering土建工程土建工程Mechanical erection机械安装机械安装Piping配管配管Electrical电气电气Instrumentation仪表仪表Painting and insulation work油漆和保温绝缘工作油漆和保温绝缘工作第9页Cracker裂解器裂解器Cracking furnace裂解炉裂解炉Heating furnace加热炉加热炉Reactor反应器反应器Mixer搅拌器搅拌器Centrifuge离心机离心机Belt-conveyer皮带输送机皮带输送机Cooler冷凝器冷凝器Condenser冷凝器冷凝器Separator分离器分离器Boiler锅炉锅炉Generator发生器发生器Scrubber洗涤器洗涤器Stripper汽提器汽提器Heat exchanger热交换器热交换器Installing安装安装Checking检验检验Aligning找正找正Leveling找平找平Purging清洗清洗第10页Site labor(网站劳动网站劳动)The two most important men on a construction site are the contractors agent and the navy.在建筑工地最主要两个人物是承包者代理人和工人。The agent is important because he acts for the contractor and has the authority of the contractor on the site.代理很主要，因为他对承包商行为含有对网站权威。The navy is important because he,with perhaps hundreds of other navies,does most of the work.工人工作很主要是因为他们可能要作大部分工作。Compared with these two,although no civil engineer will happily admit it,the resident engineer comes third,for without him the work would be completed in time,though perhaps badly and at high cost to the client.相比这两个，即使公务员工程师不会意认可它，驻地工程师排为第三，不过没有他工作不会及时完成，而且会花费成本很高。Part 5 Extensive Reading关第11页Most of the civil engineering design has been done by the time the contract has been signed,and the contractor is bound by to follow the design as it is laid down in the drawings,though normally no contract is left without the supervision of a resident engineer or at least of a clerk of the works or a civil engineering inspector.最主要土木工程设计已完成，协议已经签署，和承包商势必按照设计图纸，要求即使通常没有协议没有监管驻地工程师不过最少有名文员工程或土建工程督察。Between the agent and the navy there are many other men who organize the work,help it to go smoothly,see to the arrival of the essential materials,check their quality and help to get the contract finished on time.代理和工人之间有许多其它人安排工作来帮助它顺利进行，等到材料到来，检验它们质量而且帮助按时完成协议。第12页The chief of these is the general foreman,a man who has worked for many years on construction sites,either as a navy and then as a ganger in charge of a group(gang)of navies,or more usually,as a tradesman and then a foreman of his trade.这些主要是普通工头，待在建筑工程很多年，不论是掌管一个团体领班，或者更经常是作为一个贸易商。“Tradesman”in civil engineering or building is the name given to masons,bricklayers,carpenters,plasterers,mechanical fitters and others who do a special kind of work with their hands(a trade).土木工程或建设中商人是工作给泥瓦匠、泥瓦匠、木匠、泥水匠、机械钳工和他人做一个特殊称呼，用他们双手进行贸易名称。第13页 The critical trade in civil engineering is usually carpentry because the carpenters build the concrete formwork,and the foreman carpenter sets out the formwork for them and often also sets out for the other trades.土建工程关键贸易通常是木工，因为木匠建造混凝土模板，木工经常为自己或者其它行业设置了模板。If the setting out is not well ahead of its time,the concrete formwork is likely to be delayed,with serious consequences for the progress of the job.假如设置了不使他们提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延误，对作业进度会造成严重后果。Setting out means marking out the work on the ground or on the structure,to ensure that it is properly placed.假如设置了不使他们提前，混凝土模板很可能收到延误，对作业进度会造成严重后果。A civil engineer usually sets out the main location of the building,and ties it in with his surveying instruments to local survey monuments.设定出装置标示出在地面上或结构上工作，以确保它是正确放置。一名土木工程师通常设置了主要位置建筑，以及与配合他测量仪器对当地调查纪念碑。第14页 Since navies do the concreting and digging which are essential to most foundation work,and foundations are the first work after the demolition and site clearance,navies are usually the first men employed on a building site.因为工人做混凝土和挖掘都是最基础工作，基础是必不可少，第一个工作拆除和场地清理后，工人通常是该建筑工地上第一个男性员工。There is a natural sequence of construction which is the same for most buildings,and for this reason,the trades come one to a site usually in the same sequence,from one structure to the next.这是大多数建筑一个自然建筑次序，因为这个原因，工地上通惯用同一个次序进行施工，从结构到下一个。孟第15页This sequence is shown by the order in which the trades are printed in the bill of quantities.这个序列在工程量清单中表明输出交易。It is important to adopt one particular sequence because in that way the writer of the bill can be sure that he has forgotten nothing.只有经过这种方式，笔者比尔能够必定他有忘记什么。There are(1)demolition and shoring,(2)earthwork,(3)piling,(4)concreting,(5)precast concrete and hollow floors,(6)brickwork and partitions,(7)drainage and sewage,(8)asphalt,(9)paving,(10)masonry,(11)roofing,(12)timber and hardware,(13)structural steelwork(1)拆除支撑，(2)土方工程，(3)打桩，(4)浇筑混凝土，(5)预制混凝土空心楼板，(6)砌砖和分区，(7)排水和污水处理，(8)沥青，(9)铺路，(10)砌筑，(11)屋面，(12)木材和硬件，(13)钢结构第16页(14)metalwork,(15)plastering,wall tiling and terrazzo,(16)sheet metal,(17)rainwater gutters and down-pipes,(18)cold-water supply and-sanitary plumbing,(19)hot-water supply,(20)gas and water mains,(21)heating,(22)ventilating,(23)electrical,(24)glazing,(25)painting,(26)specialist work.(14)金属制品，(15)抹灰，外墙瓷砖和水磨石，(16)金属板，(17)雨水天沟及落水管，(18)冷水供给和卫生管道，(19)热水供给，(20)煤气和水管，、(21)采暖、(22)通风、(23)电气、(24)玻璃、(25)喷漆、(26)教授工作。第17页To act for.代表。办事代表。办事To be bound by理应，必须理应，必须With serious consequences带来严重后果带来严重后果Site工地，场所工地，场所Contractor协议者，承包者协议者，承包者Navy壮工壮工Authority政权，授权，权威政权，授权，权威Resident居住，居民居住，居民Client工程委托人，甲方代表工程委托人，甲方代表Bind捆，扎，约束捆，扎，约束Lay down施工施工Drawing图样，素描图样，素描Supervision监督，管理监督，管理Inspector检验者，监察者检验者，监察者Trades man受益人，工匠受益人，工匠Foreman工头工头Mason石工石工Bricklayer砖工，瓦工砖工，瓦工Carpenter木工木工Plasterer抹灰工抹灰工Mechanical机械机械Fitter装配工，钳工装配工，钳工Form模板模板Demolition拆迁拆迁Shoring支撑，加固支撑，加固Pilling打桩，堆积打桩，堆积Concreting浇灌混凝土浇灌混凝土Brickwork砖房，砖砌（体）砖房，砖砌（体）Partition隔墙，隔板，隔开，分隔隔墙，隔板，隔开，分隔Drainage排水，排水设备，排水法排水，排水设备，排水法Sewage污水处理污水处理Asphalt沥青，柏油沥青，柏油Paving铺路，铺平铺路，铺平Hardware五金，金属制五金，金属制零件零件Metalwork金属制造金属制造Plastering抹灰抹灰Terrazzo水磨石水磨石Gutter雨水槽雨水槽Sanitary卫生，关于环境卫生，关于环境卫生卫生Plumbing管子工程管子工程Heating加热，供热加热，供热Ventilating通风通风Glazing尤其尤其Painting上漆上漆Set out防放线防放线第18页Manpower Planning For Project Site labor must be actively managed.Planning a construction project means not only deciding what is to be done,but who will do it and when.现场劳动必须主动管理，规划建设项目不但要决定要做什么，而且要决定由谁在什么时间做什么。The manager has to forecast project manpower requirements,taking into account the availability of various kinds of labor(including sub-contract labor).经理对项目标人力需求预测，考虑到各种劳动力可用性（包含分包劳动）。They need to avoid sharp fluctuations in manning levels and the overall resource pattern for the project.他们需要防止人员配置大幅波动以及项目标总体资源模式。第19页 Even when unemployment is high,certain types of labor may be in short supply and the firm may have to train people to meet its needs.即使失业率很高，一些类型劳动力可能会供不应求，所以企业不得不培训人们以满足其需求。A shortage in just one trade or occupation may make nonsense of a contract program and add considerably to the project duration.仅有一个贸易或职业缺失就可能使协议毫无意义，而且将大大增加项目标连续时间。Recognizing such problems at the outset can lead to better balancing of work and reduce peak manpower needs.认识到这些问题在一开始就能够更加好平衡工作和降低峰值人力需求。Site labor should be built up and run down in a planned way,avoiding sudden changes in the numbers of each trade on site.工地劳动力应有计划建立和运行，防止在站点上每一个交易数量突然改变。第20页This means scheduling project activities so that cumulative needs do not exceed the labor available and do not fluctuate too much.这意味着安排项目活动，累积需求不超出可用劳动力以及不太多波动。Manpower planning will not guarantee high productivity or good labor relations,but its absence can lead to poor performance and strained relations.人力资源规划不能确保高生产率和良好劳动关系，但它缺失会造成不良表现和担心关系。第21页 A manning curve is a useful way to summarize labor requirements and high light problem.曼宁曲线是一个有用发法去总结劳动需求和高亮度问题.It is compiled by combining the labor requirements for each trade.结合编制劳动要求每个贸易.The chart can be used to balance peak demand and to record numbers of employees used to date.图表能够用来平衡需求高峰期，并统计员工使用日期。It shows the rate of build-up or run-down of labor and any correction needed to keep on schedule.它显示了建立或运行下来劳动和任何纠正需要保持在时间表上。In the curve,the information is obtained from a network analysis and shows manning curves based on the earliest and latest starts for each activity on the program.在曲线中，信息是从一个网络分析和显示曼宁基于最早、最迟开始在程序各个活动曲线。旺第22页The manpower build-up for the earliest start curve is high.最早开始曲线人力积聚是很高.It emphasizes that when too many people are taken on at once,supervisors become overloaded and productivity can be difficult to sustain.它强调，当太多人被同时使用，主管会变得超载和生产力难以维持。Too steep a descent at the end of the project also causes problems.太过急剧下降，在项目结束时也会造成问题。Contractors often do this to recover from delays,but the usual result is to overshoot the completion date,with labor remaining on site,tidying up loose ends and winding down long after work should have finished.承包商经常会这么恢复延迟，但通常结果是超出完成日期，现场剩下劳动，整理琐碎收尾工作要很久以后才能完成。第23页Properly updated manning curves can show up early signs of under-manning,indicating the need for a review of the contract program or a change in recruiting procedure,But they cannot easily be used to show the effects of variations or additional work and are only as accurate as the estimates of labor outputs and labor availability on which they are based.正确更新曼宁曲线可显示早期迹象，说明协议程序或在招聘程序改变审查要求，但他们不能很轻易地使用T显示改变或额外工作影响，只是作为劳动力输出预计和劳动力可用性，他们是这些依据。第24页 The number of employees that can work simultaneously on a project without productivity falling is limited.能够同时在一个项目上工作而不生产能力下降员工数量是有限。But there should not be too much reliance on overtime to make up for labor shortages.不过不应该过分依赖加班来填补劳动力短缺。Regular overtime is usually expensive and output during overtime working is often lower than that achieved during normal hours.经常加班工作通常是昂贵，而且在加班工作中产量往往低于正常工作时所到达。第25页Manpower planning may be looked at collectively or individually.统筹规划能够集体或单独地看。Manning requirements for main trades are normally assessed collectively.曼宁要求主要交易通常是评定集体。Taking account of quality of work and output standards.兼顾工作质量和输出标准。Technical and administrative tasks are less easy to quantify in man hours.技术和行政任务是不轻易量化人时间。It is often necessary to individually assess staff,such as managers,engineers and surveyors.这是有必要经常去单独评定员工，比如管理人员，工程师和测量师。A useful check on what to allow can be obtained from past records of ratios of indirect to operative labor.一个有用检验能够从过去间接劳动统计中得到。第26页Fluctuation起伏，波动起伏，波动Fluctuate给。配置员工给。配置员工Outset开端，开始开端，开始Peak最高峰，高峰最高峰，高峰Cumulative渐增，累加渐增，累加Guarantee确保，担保确保，担保Strained担心，勉强担心，勉强Curve曲线，曲线图曲线，曲线图Compile编辑，汇编编辑，汇编Chart图，图表图，图表Run-down裁剪，裁员裁剪，裁员Sustain支撑，经受住支撑，经受住Steep急转直下急转直下Descent下降，降下下降，降下Overshoot超出，是（事情）做过头超出，是（事情）做过头Simultaneously同时地同时地Man-hour工时工时Surveyor检验员检验员At/in a plan在开头时在开头时Build up增加，集结增加，集结Tidy up整理，收拾整理，收拾Wind-down进展迟缓进展迟缓Earliest start manpower劳动最早进劳动最早进入数入数第27页第28页