高中英语长难句分析.doc

长难句分析
一、长难句的分类
　　1、带有较多成分的简单句。如：
　　Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used. 例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那些具体的妇女杂志。
　　在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine，而且还修饰television programs and stations. exact television同时修饰programs和stations两个词，这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。
　　2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如：
　　In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很不开心。
　　在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he.
　　Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help. 担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。
　　三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。
　　3、含有多个从句的复合句。如：
I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.
我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。
在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句：as…resources.
However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。
本句的主谓语是：those of us know。know有两个由that引导的宾语从句，其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us，在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。
　　4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如：
　　His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（无知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。
as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。
5、并列复合句。如：
I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.
我经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。
在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其中还含有一个让步状语从句。
They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破坏行为），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.
他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就不常发生。
　　在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句，这个定语从句前省略了关系词that或when.
　　二、长难句分析步骤
　　1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。
　　2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。
　　3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。
　　4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。
　　三、长难句分析的注意事项
　　在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：
　　1、是否有同位语和插入语。
　　2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。
　　3、替代词的所指对象。
　　4、判断并列成分的层次。
　　5、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。
　　6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。
　　7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。
　8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。
练习：
1. Canada has vast areas of wilderness, from the Arctic north, where average winter temperatures are usually minus 20 degrees centigrade, to the 8,892-kilometre-long border with the USA to the south, which is the longest border in the world not defended by an army or the police.
2. Montreal, a port in the province of Quebec, is the second largest city in Canada, and also the second largest French-speaking city in the world, Paris being the largest.
3. As a modern, dynamic city, Montreal has a lively night scene, with many restaurants and clubs, as well as cultural and street festivals to ensure that no visitor is ever bored.
4. It also has superb scenery, a beautiful harbour, and all the comforts of modern life and international cuisine, in addition to being close to some very popular ski areas.
5. The waterfalls, the largest of which is shaped like a semicircle, are 670 metres wide, and fall 56 metres in an awesome white sheet of water.
6. Although only a handful of people became successful, many stayed and built settlements in the area, and there are now many museums showing what life was like back then.
7. Indeed, sitting in front of the television watching a sports event, with a drink in one hand and some fast food in the other, is very common in Australia.
8. Another popular sport, cricket, is originally from the UK, and has been exported to and followed in countries influenced by it, such as Australia, India, Pakistan, Kenya and South Africa.
9. I think that that that that that student wrote on the blackboard was wrong.
10. Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.
11. Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures。 (2009 江苏)
12. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them.
13. If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
14. He found out that Kit Williams had spent his childhood near Ampthill，in Bedfordshire，and thought that he must have tried the hare in a place he knew well，but he still could not see the connection with Katherine of Aragon, until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill Park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773．
15. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.（NMET2003.E篇）

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