公司理财期末重点总结.doc

C 1
Corporate Finance addresses the following three questions:
1.What long-term investments should the firm choose? Capital Budgeting(资本预算)
2.How should the firm raise funds for the selected investments? Capital Structure(资本结构)
3.How should short-term assets be managed and financed? Working Capital Management(营运资本)
Capital Budgeting: The process of planning and managing a firm’s long-term investments is called capital budgeting.
Capital Structure: A firm’s capital structure (or financial structure) is the specific mixture of long-term debt and equity the firm uses to finance its operations.
Working Capital Management: The term working capital refers to firm’s short-tern assets and its short-term liabilities. Managing the firm’s working capital is a day-to-day activity that ensures that the firm has sufficient resources to continue its operations and avoid costly interruptions.
Sole Proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. The owner can keep all the profit. However, he has unlimited liability for business debts.
Partnership: A partnership is similar to a proprietorship, except that there are two or more owners.
General Partnership: All the partners share in gains or losses, and all have unlimited liability for all partnership debts, not just some particular share.
Limited Partnership: One or more general partners will run the business and have unlimited liability, but there will be one or more limited partners who will not actively participate in the business.
Primary disadvantages: 1.unlimited liability for business debt on the part of the owners 2.limited life of the business 3.difficulty of transferring ownership
Corporation: A corporation is a legal person separate and distinct from its owners.
Disadvantages: Double taxation, separation of ownership and control rights.
The goal of financial management is to maximize the current value per share of the existing stock.
A more general goal：Maximize the market value of the existing owner’s equity.
Agency relationship：Principal hires an agent to represent his/her interest
Agency problem：Separation of ownership and control rights, Conflict of interest between principal and agent.
Agency costs：refers to the costs of the conflict of interest between stockholders and management.

C2
Goal: cash is king
The goal of financial management：is to maximize the market value of the stock
The balance sheet equation (Balance sheet identity)
Assets = liabilities + shareholder’s equity
The value of liabilities and shareholder’s equity
= current liabilities + long term debt + shareholder’s equity
Net working capital净营运资本 =Current assets – current liabilities
Liquidity流动性: refers to the speed and ease which an asset can be converted to cash.
the more liquid business is, the less likely it is to experience financial distress.
Debt versus Equity（负债与权益）: Shareholders’ equity= Assets - Liabilities
Market value VS book value
Book value账面价值： under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（公认会计原则GAAP），audited financial statements generally show assets at historical cost。
historical cost历史成本：assets carried on the books
MV: what the asset could sold for
BV: what the firm paid for them
异同：
1. For current assets, short-term debt, many debt, market value and book value might be somewhat similar because current assets are brought and converted into cash over a relatively short span of time;
2. For fixed assets, it would be purely a coincidence if the actual market value of an asset (what the asset could be sold for) were equal to its book value
3. Many of the most valuable assets that a firm have-good management , a good reputation , talented employees-don’t appeared on the balance sheet at all.
4. For both of them, assets= debt + equity
Corporate finance is interested in the market value of the firm
Financial leverage e财务杠杆：the use of debt in a firm’s capital structure.
the more debt a firm has (as a percentage of assets ), the greater is its degree of financial leverage
The income statement (利润表): measures performance over some period of time
The income statement equation: Revenues收益 – Expenses = Income
GAPP and the income statement:
1.the realization/general principle(实现/一般原则): revenue is recognized at the time of sale, which need not be the same as the time of collection (accrues权责发生制)
2.the matching principle配比原则: expenses shown on the income statement are based on the matching principle
3.the figure shown on the income statement may not be at all representative of the actual cash inflows and outflows that occurred during a particular period.
Noncash items(非现金项目)
1.A primary reason that accounting income differs from cash flow is that an income statement contains noncash items.
2.Depreciation折旧 is one of the most important example.
Time and costs：
1.To financial managers: costs are divided into fixed costs and variable costs
2.To the accountants: costs are divided into production costs（产品成本）and period costs(期间成本)
(EPS)Earnings per share每股盈余= Net income/Total shares outstanding (发行在外的股数)
Dividends per share每股股利 = Total dividends/Total shares outstanding
TAXES:
Average tax rate平均税率: tax bill divided by taxable income （税额除以应税所得额）
Marginal tax rate边际税率(relevant for most financial decisions): the rate of extra tax u would pay if u earned one more dollar多赚￥1 所应支付的税
CASH FLOW现金流量(free cash flow)：the difference between the number of dollars that come in and went out
Calculating cash flow:
特征CF from assets来自资产的现金流= CF to creditors + CF to stockholders
CF(A) = CF(B) + CF(S)
CF from assets = operating CF- net capital spending –change in NWC
Operating CF经营现金流量: results from the firm’s day-to-day activities of producing and selling
Capital spending资本性支出: money spent on fixed assets- $ received from the sale of it
Change in net working capital净营运资本变动: the net change in current assets relative to current liabilities for the period being examined and represents the amount spent on net working capital
Operating CF（经营现金流）=EBIT +Depreciation –Tax
Net capital spending = ending net fixed assets –beginning net fixed assets+ depreciation
Change in NWC= Ending NWC-Beginning NWC
CF to creditors债权人=interest paid –net new borrowing 利息支出-新的借款净额
CF to stockholders= dividend paid –net equity raised 派发的股利-新筹集的净权益

C3
sources of cash(现金来源): Activities that bring in cash
uses of cash（现金运用）：Activities that involve spending cash
the statement of Cash Flow 现金流量表 ：there is some flexibility in summarizing the sources and uses of cash in the form of a financial statement, the result is called.
Common-size statements 同比报表: a useful way of standardizing financial statements（财务报表） is to express each item on the balance sheet as a percentage of assets and to express each item on the income statement(利润表) as a percentage of sales.
Common-base year financial statements: trend analysis同基年度财务报表： a useful way of standardizing financial statements in this case is to choose a base year and then express each item relative to the base amount.
一、Short-term solvency/liquidity ratios短期偿债能力/流动性比率：
1．Current ratio流动比率=current assets /current liabilities
2. 速动比率/酸性比率
The Quick (acid-test ratio) =（current assets –inventory存货）/current liabilities
3. Cash ratio现金比率= cash/ current liabilities
4．NWC to total assets净营运资本对资产总额的比率=net working capital/total assets5．Interval measure间隔时间指标= current assets/ average daily operating costs
二、Long-term solvency/financial leverage ratios长期偿债能力/财务杠杆比率：
1.Total debt ratio资产负债率=(total assets –total equity)/total assets
2.Debt-equity ratio负债权益率=total debt/total equity
3.Equity multiplier权益乘数= total assets/ total equity
4.Long-term debt ratio长期负债率=Long-term debt/(long-term debt + total equity)
5.利息保障倍数比率(衡量公司兑现其利息义务的能力)（也叫interest coverage ratio利息保障倍数比率（TIE）Times interest earned ratio=EBIT/ interest
6.Cash coverage ratio现金偿债比率=EBITD/interest=（EBIT + depreciation）/interest（Ps. EBDIT 折扣前息税前盈余，计量企业从经营活动中产生现金的能力的指标，计量可用以应付筹资义务的现金）
三、Asset management or turnover ratios资产周转比率
1.存货周转率Inventory turnover =销售商品成本/存货= cost of goods sold /inventory(average)
存货周转天数Days’ sales in inventory =365 days /inventory turnover
2. 应收账款周转率Receivable turnover= sales /accounts receivable应收账款(average)
应收账款周转天数Days’ sales in receivable（ACP：平均回收期）=365 days /receivables turnover（收回赊账销售收入的时间）
3.资产周转率 asset turnover ratios
净营运资本周转率NWC Turnover=sales /NWC
固定资产周转率Fixed asset turnover =sales/net fixed assets
总资产周转率Total asset turnover =sales /total assets
4.Profitability ratios获利能力计量指标
Profit margin销售净利润率=net income/sales=净利润/销售收入(计量经营效率)
（ROA）资产报酬率Return on assets = net income/total assets
(ROE) 权益报酬率Return on equity= net income/total equity
转化：ROE= ROA* Equity multiplier= ROA* (1+ debt-equity ratio)
5.Market value measures市场价值计量指标
①市盈率(市价-盈余比率)(PE ratio)
Price-earnings ratio= price per share /earnings per share（每股价格/每股收益EPS）
②市销率Price-sales ratio= price per share /sales per share
③市净/账率(市价-账面价值比率)
Market-to-book ratio=market value per share /book value per share
Book value per share =equity/ shares outstanding
The Du Pont Identity(杜邦恒等式)
ROE=profit margin* Total asset turnover * Equity multiplier
① 利润边际（率） * ②总资产周转率 * ③权益指数
等式说明Roe is affected by three things:
operating efficiency 经营效率（ 用利润率来计量）
asset use efficiency资产使用效率
financial leverage财务杠杆

C4
Discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation:贴现现金流量估价calculating the present value of a future cash flow to determine its worth today.
Discount rate:贴现率 use to discount a future cash flow (是指将未来支付改变为现值所使用的利率)
future value factor FVIF（i%，n）利息终值系数(1+r)^t
PV=FV×PVIF(r,t)

C5
Annuities:年金 constant cash flow that occur for some fixed number of periods
Ordinary annuity:普通年金a series of constant or level cash flows that occur at the end of each period for..
Annuity due:期初应付年金 occur at the beginning
Perpetuities:永续年金the level stream of cash flow continues forever
普通年金现值PV=C×{1-[1/(1+r)^t]/r}终值FV=C×[(1+r)^t-1]/r p161
永续年金现值 PV=C/r（优先股）
Annual percentage rate(ARP):年百分率it is equal to the interest rate per period multiplied by the number of periods in a year一年中每期的利率乘以复利期数
Effective annual rate(EAR):实际年利率 it is actually the rate that you will earn
EAR=[(1+APR/m)]^m-1 P164
Loan types:
P ure discount loans:纯贴现贷款 the borrow receives money today and repays a single lump sum at some time in the future
Interest-only loans:仅付息贷款to pay interest each period and to repay the entire principal at some time in the future
Amortized loans:分期偿还贷款 to repay parts of the principal over time
等本还息amortization with equal principal payments 每年本金清偿额相等
等额还款 amortization with equal payments 每年总支付额相等
Partial amortization: 部分分期偿还贷款（每个月所付的钱并不能完全还清贷款，最后需要支付一笔更高的金额）

C6
Bond: Securities issued by corporations may be classical roughly as equity securities and debts securities. Debt securities means the issuer borrows money.
differences between debt and equity:
1. Debt is not an ownership interest in the form .Creditors generally do not have voting power.
2. The payment of interest on debt is considered as cost of doing business and is fully tax deductible. Dividends paid to stockholders are not tax deductible.
3. Unpaid debt is liability of the firm. If it is not paid, the corporation can go into bankruptcy. This possibility does not arise when equity is issued.
Bond features:
票面利息Coupons: regular interest payments that the issuer promises to make
债券的面值Face or par value: the amount that will be repaid at the end of the loan.
票面利率Coupon rate: The annual coupon divided by the face value
到期期限Maturity: the number of years until the face value is paid
到期收益率Yield to maturity (YTM): interest rate in the market on a bond
Bond value= C×[1-1/(1+r)t] /r +F/(1+r)t 194
票面利息现值（年金现值）+票面价值的现值（YTM=r）
EAR（实际利率）=（1+APR/n）^n –1
1.YTM < Coupon rate , premium bond溢价债券
到期收益率<票面利率，投资者愿意额外多付出一部分价款，以得到额外的票面利息
2. YTM = Coupon rate， par bond
3. YTM > Coupon rate， discount bond
current yield当期收益率= Annual coupon/ it price
yield to maturity到期收益率: the average rate of return that will be earned on a bond if it is bought now and held until maturity.
realized yield实现报酬率:YTM equals the rate of return realized over the life of the bond if all coupons are reinvested at an interest rate equal to the bond’s YTM
实现报酬率PN/PO =(1+R)(1+R)…(1+R) =（1+R）^n 即，R=（PN/PO – 1）^1/n 这个是ppt上的，书上我没看到。。

Interest rate risk: the risk that arises for bond owners from fluctuating interest rate The Fisher Effect: 1+R=（1+r）（1+h）
The call provision（提前赎回条款）: allows the company to repurchase or call part of all the bond issue at stated prices over a specific period.
Deferred call provision(延期赎回条款)：call provisions are often not operative during the first part of a bond’s life. During this period of prohibition, the bond is said to be called protected.
The indenture（债券合约）: is the written agreement between the corporation and its creditors.
Includes the following provisions: the basic terms of the bonds; the total amount of bonds issued; a description of property used as security; the repayment arrangements; the call provisions; details of the protective covenants
Protective covenants（保护性条款）:a protective covenant is that part of the indenture or loan agreement that limits certain actions company might otherwise wish to take during the term of the loan.

C7
Stock valuation
three difficulties for stock valuation：not even the promised cash flows are known；the life of the investment is essentially forever；there is no way to easily observe the rate of return that the market return。
股票 241
general caseP0=D1/(1+R)+D2/(1+R)^2+….+D3/(1+R)^3+….
zero growth/preferred：P=D/R ; constant growth : D1=D0*(1+g)
dividend growth model股利增长模型 P0=[D0*（1+g）]/(R-g)
nonconstant growth:P0=D1/(1+R)+D2/(1+R)^2+….+Dt/(1+R)^t+Pt/(1+R)^t
Pt= Dt（1+g）/(R-g)
The required return 要求收益率R=D1/P0+g=dividend yield + capital gains yield
股票分类
common stock：stock that has no special preference either in paying dividends or in bankruptcy.
普通股特性:
1.shareholder rights: elect the directors.
2.Dividend right：dividends paid to shareholders represent a return on the capital directly or indirectly contributed to the corporation by the shareholders.
3.Residual claim: some firms have more than one class of common stock. Often, the classes are created with unequal voting rights.
preferred stock优先股: it has preference over common stock in the payment of dividends and in the distribution of corporation assets in the event of liquidation.
优先股特性:1）is a form of equity from illegal and tax standpoint. 2) the holders of preferred stock sometimes have no voting privileges. 3)stated value: preferred shares have a stated liquidating value, usually $100 per share. 4)cumulative and noncumulative dividends(累积和非累积的股利)： most are cumulative. If preferred dividends are cumulative and are not paid in a particular year, they will be carried forward to later years as an arrearage.

C8
净现值NPV：a measu