深圳市初二英语unit1知识点汇总教学教材.doc

Unit 1 Encyclopaedias
一、知识概述
1．掌握本单元所出现的单词、词组以及句型。
2．理解本课来自百科全书的几篇小文章。
3．学习some和any的用法以及不定代词somebody, anybody, nobody等。
4．通过学习本课了解百科全书的内容，开拓自己的视野。
二、重难点知识讲解
1．intelligence n. 才智，智慧
intelligence quotient=IQ 智商
intelligence test 智力测验
Mary shows great intelligence in drawing.
玛丽在绘画方面展现出非凡的才智。
拓展：intelligence的形容词为intelligent。
e.g. His son is diligent and intelligent.
他的儿子既勤奋又聪明。
2．ability n. 才能，能力
e.g. He is a man of many abilities.
他是位多才多艺的人。
have the ability to do…表示“有能力做……”。
e.g. Guo Jingjing has the ability to win Olympic gold in the diving competition.
郭晶晶有能力在这次跳水比赛中获得奥运会金牌。
He has the ability to speak French fluently.
他能流利地说法语。
拓展：to the best of one’s abilities意为“尽某人最大努力，竭尽全力”。
我尽我所能地照顾他们。
拓展：形容词形式为able
e.g. I take care of them to the best of my abilities.
able，意为“能够，可以”，常构成搭配be able to do sth.
e.g. Jokes are able to make people happy.
笑话能让人快乐。
I’m able to speak a little English.
我会说一点英语。
3．even adv. 甚至
e.g. Even a child can understand the book.
即使小孩也能看懂那本书。
Even Mrs. Smith could not help laughing.
甚至史密斯太太也忍不住笑了起来。
even还可用于比较级前，意为“甚至更，还”。
e.g. This book is even more useful than that one.
这本书比那本更加有用。
The students study even harder than before.
学生比以前学习更认真了。
4．however adv. 然而
however表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语，however作副词用时，表示“然而；但是”，可以位于句首、句中和句末，常常在前面用逗号隔开。
e.g. I feel a bit tired. However, I can hold on.
我有点累了，但我能坚持下去。
Later, however, he changed his mind.
可是他后来改变了主意。
He said that it was so; he was mistaken, however.
他说情况如此，可是他错了。
辨析：but为口语常用词，语气较强，且转折的意味比however要强，泛指与前述情况相反。从语序上看，but总是位于所引出的分句之首，but之后一般不使用逗号。
e.g.He is young but very experienced.
他虽年轻，但经验很丰富。
It is hot in summer here, but it is not cold in winter.
这里夏天热，但冬天不冷。
She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s.
她看上去很年轻，可是她已经三十多岁了。
5．suddenly adv. 忽然，突然
e.g.Suddenly it began to rain.
突然天开始下雨了。
Suddenly the baby cried loudly.
这个婴儿突然大声哭起来。
The policeman suddenly appeared in the doorway.
警察突然出现在门口。
6．win v. 获胜，赢
win的过去式和过去分词分别是won，won。
辨析：beat与win
win和beat都可用作及物动词，作“赢、战胜”讲时，其区别主要在于宾语的不同。充当win的宾语的是比赛、战争、奖品、奖项、金钱等名词，即race, match, game, competition, war, prize之类的词。
e.g.They won the match this time.
这次比赛他们赢了。　
He won first prize in the surfing competition.
他在冲浪比赛中获得第一。
充当beat的宾语的则是比赛、竞争的对手，即指人或球队的名词或代词。
e.g. We played very well, and we beat them.
我们发挥很好，打败了他们。
We beat the strongest team in the football match this time.
在这次足球赛中我们战胜了最强的那个队。
拓展：win的名词形式为winner，意为“胜利者、成功者”。
e.g.He is the winner of this competition.
他是这次竞赛的胜利者。
7．Da Vinci was born in the countryside.
[译文]达·芬奇出生在农村。
be born in意为“出身于……”，后面可接时间或地点。
e.g.Li Ping was born in 1988.
李平生于1988年。
Tom was born in Hebei Province on February 12, 1999.
1999年2月12日汤姆生于河北省。
注意：be born + in/into/to还可表示“降生到某家庭”。
e.g.He was born in a worker’s family.
他出生在一个工人家庭。
In 1867 Madam Curie was born into a teacher’s family.
1867年居里夫人出生在一个教师家庭。
8．From an early age, he showed great intelligence and artistic ability.
[译文]从很小的时候，他就表现出极大的智慧和艺术才能。
show：①作动词（v.），表示“出示，拿给……看”。可用于：show sth.“展示某物”，show sb. sth.或show sth. to sb.。
e.g.He showed his tickets to the man.
他给那人看了一下门票。
Will you show me your license？
请你出示驾驶证好吗？
He showed me where he lived.
他指给我看他住的地方。
②show sb. around/round表示“带领某人参观”。
e.g.I shall show you around the Great Wall.
我将带你参观长城。
③ be on show表示“在展览中，陈列着”。
e.g.The pictures are on show.
这些画正在展出中。
④ show作名词（n.），译为“……秀，……展览着”。
e.g.flower show 花展
car show 　　车展
talk show 　　脱口秀
chat show 　　访谈节目
另外，由show构成的短语：
show off 　表现，卖弄
show up　　露面
show in 　　领某人进来
show interest in 对……有兴趣
9．As he grew older, he learnt to do many different things.
[译文]随着年龄的增长，他学会了做许多事情。
grow vi. 成长，生长，逐渐变得
　　 vt. 种植，栽培
e.g.Nothing can grow without sunlight.
没有阳光万物就不能生长。
What are you going to be when you grow up？
当你长大之后你想成为一个什么样的人？
You will grow wiser as you grow older.
随着你年龄的增长，你会变得更聪明。
The pollution problem is growing serious.
污染问题日见严峻。
His cold is growing worse.
他的感冒正在加重。
We grow flowers and vegetables in the yard.
我们在庭院里种植鲜花和蔬菜。
learn v. 学习，得知，获悉
learn to do sth. 学习做某事
e.g.I learned this news from the newspaper.
我从报纸上得知了这个消息。
He is learning to play the piano.
他在学钢琴。
Why don’t you learn from my mistakes？
你为何不从我的错误中吸取教训呢？
We learned of/about the public service advertisement on TV.
我们从电视上获悉了这个公益广告。
However, we can learn about them from their fossils.
然而，我们可以从它们的化石中了解它们。（原文）
9．For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines.
[译文]比如，他的笔记本里包括一些有趣的飞行器的绘画。
include v. 包含，包括
e.g.A good British breakfast always includes sausages.
一顿丰盛的英式早餐总会包括香肠。
Your duties include typing letters and answering the telephone.
你的职责是打印信件和接电话。
The book includes much useful information.
这本书包含了很多有用的信息。
10．Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. Others were as big as ten elephants.
[译文]一些恐龙如鸡那么小。另一些又如十头大象那么大。
some…others…意为“一些……另一些……”，表示除去一部分后的另一些，但不是剩下的全体。
e.g.At weekends, some people usually stay at home, while others would go out.
在周末，有些人会呆在家里，也有些人宁愿出去。
Some students are playing football, and others are playing baseball.
一些学生正在踢足球，其他学生正在打棒球。
Some like running. Others like swimming.
有些人喜欢跑步，其他人喜欢游泳。
辨析：some...the others…意为“一些……；其余的……”，表示一定范围内除去一部分以外后其余的全体。
e.g.There are ten girls in the classroom, some are reading, and the others are talking.
教室里有十个女孩，一些人在阅读，其余的人在交谈。
as…as…意为“和……一样”，表示同级之间的比较，常构成搭配：A be as+adj.+as B。
e.g.This film is as interesting as that one.
这部电影和那部电影一样有趣。
Her English is as good as his.
她的英语和他的一样好。
Mike is as tall as his father.
麦克和他父亲一样高。
11．Then, suddenly, they all died out.
[译文]然后，它们突然消失了。
die out 灭亡，消失，绝种
e.g.How did the dinosaurs die out？
恐龙是如何灭绝的？
Many old customs are dying out.
很多古老的习俗正在消失。
That style of music died out hundred years ago.
那种风格的音乐几百年前都已绝迹了。
三、语法点拨
1．some & any的用法
（1）一般情况下，肯定句中用some，否定句、疑问句和条件句中用any。但some有时也用于疑问句，表示说话者的肯定语气。any有时也可用于肯定句中，表示“任何一个，任何一些”；not (…) any相当于no。
e.g.Would you like some coffee with milk？
你想喝点加牛奶的咖啡吗？（表明说话者的礼貌及肯定语气）
Any normal child can pick up a language very quickly.
任何正常的儿童学习一门语言都非常快。
I don’t know any person here.（=I know no person here.）
这里的人我一个也不认识。
（2）“some/any of+…”结构作主语时，谓语动词需要根据of后面的名词单复数而定。
e.g.Some of the food has gone bad.
有些食品变质了。
Some of them agree, and some of them don’t.
他们中有些人同意，有些不同意。
I don’t think any of them are coming.
我认为他们没人会来。
（3）some和any既可以修饰或代替可数名词单数、复数，也可修饰或代替不可数名词。some修饰可数名词单数时，意为“某一”。
e.g.Will you please give me some advice？
给我提一些建议好吗？（修饰不可数名词）
Some people are out of work and some find work.
一些人失业了，又有一些人找到了工作。（修饰可数名词复数）
Some person downstairs is asking to see you.
楼下有一个人找你。（修饰可数名词单数）
Have you any work to do？
你有活干吗？（修饰不可数名词）
注意：some不能代替可数名词的单数形式。
2．复合不定代词
由some-，any-，every-，no-与-one，-body，-thing构成的不定代词称为复合不定代词。复合不定代词如下表所示：

-one
-body
-thing
some-
someone
somebody
something
any-
anyone
anybody
anything
every-
everyone
everybody
everything
no-
no one/none
nobody
nothing
（1）some-类复合不定代词主要用于肯定句中，any-类复合不定代词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。当some-类复合不定代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句时，表示肯定的意义。当any-类用于肯定句时表示“任何”之意。
e.g.There is somebody who wants to speak to you.
有人要同你讲话。
I haven’t seen anybody around here that I can turn to for help.
在这周围，我没找到任何能帮助我的人。
（anybody作宾语，用于否定句，表示“任何人”）
Does someone here know Lily’s telephone number？
有人知道莉莉的电话号码吗？
（someone用于疑问句，表明说话者期待着肯定的答复）
（2）由-one和-body构成的不定代词可以相互换用，只是前者较文雅。
e.g.Someone/Somebody seems to have been here.
似乎有人来过这里。
Everyone’s /Everybody’s business is no one’s/nobody’s business.
事关大家无人管。
（3）复合不定代词后可加由-’s构成所有格。
e.g. There’s somebody’s bag left in the classroom.
有人的书包落在教室里了。
It’s anybody’s plan, not mine.
谁知这是谁的计划，反正不是我的。
（4）复合不定代词后常加else表示“另外……的”。
e.g. I cannot finish the work on time. Can someone else come to help me out？
我不能按时完成这项工作了，有另外的人能帮助一下吗？
特别提示：
形容词修饰复合不定代词，应将形容词置于其后。
e.g.There’s nothing important in today’s newspaper.
今天报纸上没有什么重要的新闻。