初中从句类型(主要知识点).doc

初中从句类型
【宾语从句】
　　 　 宾语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出。我们根据引导宾语从句的连词不同，可把宾语从句分为三类。
　 学习宾语从句,我们应该注意三个方面：连接词、语序和时态。

一、连接词
1. that引导宾语从句时,that只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有词义,常可省略。如:
●I know(that) he is a Canadian athlete.
2. whether或if引导宾语从句时,whether或if在句中不充当句子成分,意为“是否”,不可省略。如:
●I don’t know whether/ if my parents agree with me.
注意:与or not直接连用时只能用whether不可用if。如:
●He didn’t say whether or not he would be staying here.
3. what, who, whose, which等连接代词和when, where, how, why等连接副词引导宾语从句时,这些词在从句中充当一定的句子成分,都有各自的词义,不能省略。如:
●He didn’t understand what the teacher said. ●I don’t know when we will have a meeting.

二、语序
1. 在含有宾语从句的复合句中,宾语从句须用陈述句语序。如:
●Do you know where he lives?
2. 当主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等词时,宾语从句中的否定词常常转移到主句中,译为汉语时,仍把从句翻译成否定的意思。否定转移句的主语一般是第一人称。如:
●I don’t think (that) Tom is wrong. 我认为汤姆没错。

三、时态
1. 当主句的谓语动词是现在时态或一般将来时的时候,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据需要使用各种时态。但如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词也必须使用相应的过去时态。如:
●I want to know how he came yesterday. ●She asked if he was leaving for Beijing soon.
2. 宾语从句表述的是客观事实或普遍真理时,不管主句的谓语动词是什么时态,宾语从句仍使用一般现在时。如:●The teacher told us that the moon moves around the earth.

用法注意
一、if和when既能引导宾语从句,又能引导状语从句。因此,一定要认清它们一种形式的“两副面孔”,从而准确地判断句子的类型。如:
I don’t know if / when he will come tomorrow. (宾语从句)
If / When he comes, I’ll tell you about it.(状语从句)

二、 宾语从句与简单句
含有宾语从句的复合句有时可以变为简单句。该知识点在句型转换的题型中经常会作为考点出现。现归纳如下:
1. 在某些由疑问词(why除外)引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的宾语。如:
I want to know how I can open the door. →I want to know how to open the door.
2. 在某些由疑问词(why除外)引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句谓语动词的间接宾语一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】把宾语从句转换为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构作主句谓语动词的复合宾语。如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the post office? →Could you tell me how to get to the post office?
3. 在某些由that引导的宾语从句的复合句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时,原复合句可以变为简单句。
【变法】原复合句可变为“主语+谓语+宾语+宾补”的句型。如:
We found that the boy was very clever. →We found the boy very clever.
I saw that they were playing basketball there. →I saw them playing basketball there.

【状语从句 】
　　状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当，来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等。状语从句都由从属连词引导，与主句连接，放在句末时，一般不在前面加逗号。
　　状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间，原因，条件，比较，结果，目的等类。下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。
　1. 时间状语从句
在句中相当于时间状语的从句叫时间状语从句, 常由as soon as, when, while, as, after, before, since, ever since, until, every time, each time, next time等引导。
As soon as you arrive, give me a phone call. 你一到就给我来电话.
Mary was reading when I left. 我走的时候玛丽正在读书.
While I played the piano, sister did her homework. 我在谈钢琴,姐姐在做功课.
You can’t leave until you go through with your work. 不完成这项工作你不能走。
注意: 1. 用until引导时间状语从句时, 主句应用可持续性动词,如果主句是非持续性动词,则主句用否定形式. 如:
I won’t go until you come back. 你回来了我再走.
2. 在时间状语从句中,常用一般现在时表示一般将来时, 用一般过去时表示过去将来时. 如:
Don’t forget to bring your DV4000 camera here when you come. 你来的时候别忘了带DV4000摄像机.
3. 在由since 引导的时间状语从句中,主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时. 也可用 “It is + 一段时间 + since (引导一般过去时的从句)”句型. 如:
He has worked in that company since he graduated from Wuhan University. 他毕业以来就一直在那个公司工作.

2.地点状语从句
在句中相当于地点状语的从句叫地点状语从句.引导地点状语从句的常用词有 where, anywhere, somewhere等.
Make marks where you have questions. 在有问题的地方作出标记.
You can go anywhere you like. 你可以到你想去的任何地方.
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成.

3. 原因状语从句
在句中相当于原因状语的从句叫原因状语从句. 引导原因状语从句的常用词有because, as, since, for 等.
Roman was absent from school because he was ill. 罗曼病了, 没有上学.
As Parker was in a hurry, he left this bag home. 由于派克太匆忙才把包丢家里了.
Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him. 既然每个人都会犯错误, 你不该总是批评他。

4. 目的状语从句
在句中相当于目的状语的从句叫目的状语从句. 常用in order that, so that引导, 译为 “为了,以致, 以便”.
Rhonda spoke very slowly in order that we could follow. 朗达讲话很慢, 以便我们大家都能跟上.
We’ll sit in the front of the hall so that we can hear more clearly. 我们坐在大厅的前面，以便听得更清.

5. 结果状语从句
在句中相当于结果状语的从句叫结果状语从句.常用来引导结果状语从句的引导词或短语有so that, so…that, such… that等, 译为 “如此……以致于”, “结果”.
Miss Gao is so kind that we all respect her. 高老师很和蔼，我们都很尊敬她.
This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice. 这音乐太好了, 值得听两遍.

6. 条件状语从句
在句中相当于条件状语的从句叫条件状语从句. 常用来引导条件状语从句的连词有if, unless, as/so long as, once等.
If you correct all your mistakes, your work is nice. 如果你能把所有的错误改正, 你的工作就很出色.
As long as you promise to go, I’ll surely go. 只要你答应去, 我当然去.
Once you begin, you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来.
You cannot succeed unless you work hard. 如果不努力， 你是不会成功的.
注意: 由if 引导的条件状语从句,不管主句是用一般将来时还是一般现在时,或当主句是祈使句时, 从句都用一般现在时; 主句是过去将来时, 从句用一般过去时.
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we’ll go hiking. 明天天气好的话, 我们就去徒步旅行.

7. 让步状语从句
在句中相当于让步状语的从句叫让步状语从句, 常用的引导词有though, although, even though, even if, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosever, whenever, wherever, however 等.
Although/ Though Toby works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress. 尽管托比很努力,但进步还是不大。
Even though/ if you say so, I do not believe it. 即使你这么说，我也不信.
Whatever you do, you should do it well. 不管做什么事, 都要做好.

8. 比较状语从句
用来进行比较的状语从句叫比较状语从句,常用来引导比较状语从句的连词有as…as, not as/so …as, than等.
Carol speaks English as well as you do.卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好.
He does not run so fast as his brother. 他不如他弟弟跑得快.
Burton was more successful than we had expected. 伯顿比我们想象的要成功得多.

9. 方式状语从句
在句中用作方式状语的从句叫方式状语从句, 常用来引导方式状语从句的连词主要有as, as if, as though等.
You should do as I tell you. 你应当按我告诉你懂得去做.
It looks as if/ as though it is going to rain. 看来要下雨了.

【There be句型与中考试题】
There be句型的基本用法是表示“某地（或某时）有某人（或某物）”，其形式为“Therebe＋代词或名词（短语）＋地点／时间状语”。这里there是引导词，没有词义，be是谓语动词，代词或名词（短语）是主语。be要与主语保持人称和数的一致。否定句是在be后加not；一般疑问句是将be放在句首；反意疑问句中的简短问句是由“be（或其否定式）＋there”构成。例如：
1．There is a desk and two chairs in the room．（紧挨着be动词的主语是a desk，是单数，故be的形式要用is）当be动词后接两个以上主语时，be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。意思为"某地有某人或某物"。
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一块橡皮和两支钢笔。

（4）如果名词是不可数名词，用：How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 地点状语？
1．How much water is there in the cup? 杯中有多少水？
2．There aren't two chairs and a desk in the room．（否定句）
3．Is there anything wrong with your ears？（Yes，there is．／No，there isn't．）
4．There wasn't a meeting yesterday，was there？（反意疑问句）
除此之外，还有一个重要句式“有某人在做某事”，要用“There be ＋sb．＋doing sth．＋地点／时间状语”。
There are several children swimming in the river．河里有几个孩子在游泳。
There be 结构中常见的时态有如下几种情况：
通过上表可知：各种时态的变化是通过 be动词的变化来体现的。至于你提到的两个句子我们先不考虑对错，首要的问题是弄清楚There be与have所表示的意义。There be句型表示“存在”关系，have表示“所属”关系，两者不能混合在一个句子中。例如，要说“明天有一个班会。”（1）There will have a class meeting tomorrow．（×）（2）There is going to／will be a class meeting tomorrow．（√）有时候既表示“存在”又表示“所属”时两种都可以用。例如：Class Three have a map of China on the wall．（“地图”为三班学生所有）There is a map of China on the wall in Class Three．（“地图”存在于三班）由此看来，There will have是错误的。
复习There be句型时除了掌握基础知识外，还应注意以下问题：
1．如果作主语的是一个短语，则常常考查短语中的修饰语。可数名词的复数形式前可以用any，som e，few，a few，m any或用数词 ＋hundred／thousand／million，hundreds／ thousands／millions of，no等修饰；不可数名词可以受any，some，no，little，a little，much等词的修饰。例如：
（1）There were _____ students in our school．
A．hundreds B．eight hundred C．eight hundreds of
（2）There is _____ water．You needn't get some more．
A．few B．little C．much
解析：（1）由数词与名词的搭配关系可知选B，（2）由water可知排除A项，再由后一句意思便知选C。
2．注意不定代词的用法。
（1）不定代词在句中作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：There is nothing in the fridge．（2）不定代词受形容词修饰时要放在形容词的前面。例如：There is something interesting in today's newspaper．
3．There be句型的反意疑问句，要注意陈述部分的形式。
如果陈述部分含有little，few，no，nobody，none等否定词时，后面的简短问句中要用肯定形式。例如：There is nobody in the room，is there？
但有的含有否定意义的形容词修饰不定代词时则仍看作肯定句式。例如：There is something unusual in the room，isn't there？
There be句型命题趋向有两个方面：一是进一步加强对知识的理解与运用方面的考查。例如be动词与主语的一致性、名词或代词的修饰语、搭配关系、含否定词的反意疑问句等。二是有可能出现“有某人在做某事”这一句型，即“There be ＋sb．＋doing sth．＋地点／时间状语”。