北京邮电大学人文学院《817英语语言学与文学基础》历年考研真题及详解.pdf

目录2006年北京邮电大学417英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2007年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2010年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2011年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2013年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2014年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2015年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2016年北京邮电大学817英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解2006年北京邮电大学417英语语言学与文学基础考研真题及详解Part One 20%Directions:Filling in the following blanks.（one point each）1.Languages are studied at different levels.Theoretical linguisticsgenerally includes six main branches,namely _,_,_,_,_,_.phonetics;phonology;morphology;syntax;semantics;pragmatics【答案】本题考查理论语言学的基本分支。理论语言学的六个主要分支有语音学，音系学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语用学。【解析】2.The most important two relationships in language are _ and_as identified by de Saussure.diachronic and synchronic;langue and parole【答案】本题考查索绪尔提出的两个关于语言的二分法。这两个二分法分别是共时和历时，语言和言语。【解析】3.Chomsky put forward the notions of _ and _,which arecomparable to de Saussures langue and petence;performance【答案】本题考查乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。一名语言使用者对于语言规则系统的潜在认识称为他的语言能力，语言运用指在具体场景中语言的实际运用。语言能力和语言运用与索绪尔的语言和言语分别对应。【解析】4.The publication of The Waste Land,written by _,helped toestablish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusivethought.T.S.Eliot【答案】本题考查荒原的作者。荒原是现代英美诗歌的里程碑，是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品，是托马斯艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品，表达了西方一代人精神上的幻灭，被认为是西方现代文学中具有划时代意义的作品。【解析】5.Fitzgerald summarized the experiences and attitudes of the 1920sdecade in his masterpiece novel _.The Great Gatsby【答案】本题考查美国作家菲茨杰拉德的代表作。其代表作了不起的盖茨比是一部以20世纪20年代的纽约市及长岛为背景的中篇小说，是对大萧条时期之后的“爵士时代”的一个不安的叙述：它刻录着“爵土时代”及其伴随着这个时代所发生的一切，具有深到的社会普遍代表性和认识价值。【解析】6.An American woman writer named _ who had lived in Parissince 1903,welcomed the young expatriates to her literary salon,and gavethem a name“the Lost Generation”.Gertrude Stein【答案】本题考查美国女作家格特鲁德斯泰因的相关知识。格特鲁德斯泰因对美国现代主义的影响很大，被称作美国“垮掉的一代”（斯泰因称他们为“迷惘的一代”）的导师、保姆、代言人和命名者。【解析】7._ is generally regarded as John Steinbecks masterpiece.The Grape of Wrath【答案】本题考查约翰斯坦贝克的代表作。愤怒的葡萄是美国现代小说家约翰斯坦贝克的代表作，这部作品描写美国20世纪30年代经济恐慌期间大批农民破产、逃荒的故事，反映了惊心动魄的社会斗争的图景。小说饱含美国农民的血泪、愤慨和斗争。【解析】8.Quentin is a character in Faulkners novel _The Sound and the Fury【答案】本题考查福克纳的小说喧哗与骚动。喧哗与骚动是福克纳的第一部成熟的作品。书中大量运用多视角叙述方法及意识流手法，是现代派小说中的经典名著。昆丁是该小说中的一个主要人物。【解析】9.The poetic style Whitman devised is now called _,which ispoetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.free verse【答案】本题考查惠特曼诗歌的韵律特点。惠特曼是美国文学史上最伟大的改革者之一，他所创造的诗体现在被称为“自由体”，即没有固定节拍和规则韵律的诗。【解析】10.Melvilles world classic novel Moby Dick was dedicated to _,anovelist who wrote The Scarlet Letter suggested that American Romanticismadapted itself to American Puritan Moralism.Nathaniel Hawthorne【答案】本题考查小说红字的作者。红字是霍桑的代表作，小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。【解析】11.The Bronte sisters are Charlotte Bronte,_ and Anne Bronte.Emily Bronte【答案】本题考查勃朗特三姐妹。勃朗特家庭是文学史上的一个天才家庭，姐妹三人都具有非凡的文学才能。夏洛蒂、艾米莉、安妮，她们虽然都命运坎坷，英年早逝，但其著作却成为19世纪文学的经典之作，她们是后世轰轰烈烈的“女性写作运动”的鼻祖。【解析】12.Among Hardys novels,the best known is _ and Jude theObscure.Tess of the DUrbervilles【答案】本题考查哈代的主要作品。德伯家的苔丝是哈代的代【解析】表作是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。无名的裘德是哈代最优秀的作品之一，它以悲怆的笔调叙述了乡村青年裘德一生的悲剧。13._ is the representative among the writers of aestheticism anddecadence.The Picture of Dorian Gray is a typical decadent novel written byhim.Oscar Wilde【答案】本题考查奥斯卡王尔德的相关知识。他是爱尔兰作家、诗人、剧作家，英国唯美主义艺术运动的倡导者。道林格雷的画像是其主要作品之一。【解析】Part Two（Linguistics）Section ADirections:Please answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the features that distinguish a human language from othercommunication systems?And in what way they are important to mansdevelopment?（8%）【答案】（1）Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.This definition has revealed five essential factors oflanguage:systematic,arbitrary,vocal,symbolic and most importantlyhuman-specific.Design features refer to the defining properties of humanlanguages that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.（2）Arbitrariness is the core feature of language,which refers to thefact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular soundand the meaning it is associated with.It is not entirely arbitrary at all levels.Some words,such as the ones created in the imitation of sounds by soundsare motivated in a certain degree.（3）Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of thesecondary level and each of two levels has its own principles of organization.The property of duality only exists in such a system,namely,with bothelements（e.g.sounds,letters）and units（e.g.words）.（4）Creativity means language is resourceful because of its duality andits recursiveness,which enables human beings to produce and understand aninfinitely large number of sentences in our native language,including thesentences which were never heard before.（5）Displacement means that human languages enable their users tosymbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present（in time andspace）at the moment of communication.Displacement benefits humanbeings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.（6）Language is culturally transmitted.It cannot be transmittedthrough heredity.（7）Interchangeability refers to the fact that man can both produce andreceive messages,and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged atease.Thus these design features distinguish human language from any othercommunication system in their special way.【答题思路】本题考查语言的定义特征。分别阐述语言的定义特征的含义以及其功能即可。2.What are the three metafunctions of language proposed by M.K.Halliday?Please explain each of them briefly（8%）【答案】（1）In his systemic-functional grammar,Halliday proposed threemetafunctions of language,namely,ideational function,interpersonalfunction and textual function.（2）The ideational function is applied for conveying new information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.The ideationalfunction mainly consists of“transitivity”and“voice”.Transitivity simplyrefers to the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect.It consists of sixdifferent processes:Material,Behavioral,Mental,Verbal,Relational andExistential Process.（3）The interpersonal function embodies all uses of language toexpress social and personal relationships.This includes the various ways thespeaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act.Because theclause is not confined to the expression of transitivity,there are non-ideational elements in the adult language system.Interpersonal function isrealized by mood and modality.Mood indicates what role the speaker selectsin the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee.Mood ismade up of two parts:the“Subject”and the“Finite”element.The subject canbe a noun,a noun phrase,or a clause.Modality specifies if the speaker isexpressing his judgment or making a prediction.（4）The textual function means that language has mechanisms to makeany stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text andat the same time,make a living passage different from a random list ofsentences.Although two sentences may have exactly the same ideational andinterpersonal functions,they may be different in textual coherence.【答题思路】本题考查韩礼德提出的语言的三个元功能。语言的三个元功能是元功能：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。分别解释这三个功能的具体含义即可。3.In what way is speech sound segmented into consonants and vowels?Is their difference clear-cut?Can you give an example of a speech sound thatbears the feature of both consonant and vowel?（8%）【答案】（1）Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing thevocal tract at some places to divert,impede or completely shut off the flow ofair in the oral cavity.Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction,so noturbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.So consonants andvowels are segmented in terms of the obstruction of the air.（2）Theoretically,as far as phoneticians are concerned,any soundsegment must be either a vowel or a consonant;if a segment is not a vowel,itis a consonant.However,the difference between consonants and vowels arenot so clear-cut,so there are some odd examples that bear the features of bothconsonant and vowels.（3）The problematic area is that the initial sound in hot gives littleturbulence,depending on how forcefully it is said,and in yet and wet theinitial sound segments are obviously vowels.To get out of this problem,theusual solution is to say that these segments are neither vowels nor consonantsbut midway between the two categories,that is,semi-vowels.【答题思路】本题考查语音学中辅音和元音的相关知识。首先区分辅音和元音的含义，然后分析区分二者的主要因素。最后结合具体的例子阐述同时具有辅音和元音双重性质的语音。4.Please write down 12 single vowels in 3 groups in English,namelyfront,middle and back vowels and explain the basis for such a classification.（8%）【答案】（1）Front vowels:i;e;middle vowels:;:;:;backvowels:u:;u;a:.（2）In English,vowels are described and classified according to fourcriteria:the height of tongue raising（high,mid,low）;the position of thehighest part of the tongue（front,central,back）;the length or tenseness ofthe vowel（tense vs.lax or long vs.short）;and lip-rounding（rounded vs.unrounded）.【答题思路】本题考查英语中元音的分类。英语元音的分类有四个标准：舌头抬起的高度高、中、低；舌头最高部分的高度前、中、后；元音的长度或紧度；唇的圆展度圆唇、非圆唇。5.What are the differences between inflectional and derivationalaffixes?Please give at least 5 examples to support your statement.（8%）【答案】（1）Inflectional affixes are generally less productive than derivationalaffixes:they very often act as a minute or delicate grammatical function onlyto the stem,such as those inflectional affixes in words toys,walks,Johns.Therefore,they serve to produce different forms of a single lexical item.However,derivational affixes are very productive in making new words.Forexample,recite,recitation,recital,thus derivational affixes often change thelexical meaning.（2）Inflectional affixes do not change the word class of the word theyattach to,such as flower,flowers,whereas derivational affixes might,as therelationship between small and smallness and that between brother andbrotherhood show.（3）That whether one should add inflectional affixes or not dependsvery often on other factors within the phrase or sentence at stake.Forinstance,the choice of likes in the boy likes to navigate on the Internet isdetermined by the subject the boy in the sentence.However,derivationalaffixes are more often based on simple meaning distinction.For example,thechoice of clever and cleverness depends on whether we want to talk about theproperty“clever”or the state of being clever.（4）In English,most inflectional affixes are suffixes,which are alwaysword final（e.g.drums,walks,Marys）.However,derivational affixes canbe either prefixes（e.g.suburban;depart,online）,suffixes（e.g.slaver,teacher,workable）,or both（e.g.international,supernational）at the sametime.（5）One word usually has only one inflectional morpheme whereas itmay have two or more derivational morphemes.【答题思路】本题考查屈折词缀和派生词缀的差异。结合具体的例子分别从构词能力，功能，决定因素，位置和数量等角度进行比较。6.In English,lexicons are created in many ways,e.g.invention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogical creation,borrowing,etc.Please group the following words according to their means ofcreation.（8%）【答案】（1）Invention:Coke;Lenovo;（2）Blending:transistor;positron;modem;（3）Abbreviation:bike;gym;flu;（4）Acronym:PLA;AIDS;SARS;（5）Back-formation:edit;beg;（6）Analogical creation:worked;slayed;（7）Borrowing:atom;alibi;Jodo.【答题思路】本题考查构词法的相关知识。根据各个构词法的含义，通过观察和分析对所给单词进行分类。7.Please give a brief account on differences in number,gender,case,tense,and aspect between English and Chinese language.（8%）【答案】（1）Number is a grammatical category used for the analysis of wordclasses displaying such contrasts as singular,dual,plural,etc.In English,number is mainly observed in nouns,and it has only two forms:singular andplural.Number is also reflected in the inflection of pronouns and verbs.However,in Chinese,the manifestation of number can be found in pronounslike“我们”,“你们”and so on.（2）Gender is a grammatical category dividing nouns into classesbasically characterized by sex.Gender is also a category of nouns andpronouns.In English,the gender distinctions are on the whole natural,determined by the biological gender of the creature.However,exactlyspeaking,the gender here means the grammatical gender,which includesfeminine,masculine and neuter.Both English and Chinese are onlyconcerned with the natural gender.（3）Case is an inflectional category,basically of nouns,whichtypically marks their roles in relation to other parts of the sentence.InEnglish,pronouns have three cases of nominative（e.g.we,he,she）,accusative（e.g.us,him,her）and genitive（e.g.our,your,his）.Butnouns have only two cases:general（e.g.Tom,girl）and genitive（e.g.Toms,girls）.In Chinese,the nouns and pronouns have no different cases.（4）Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb,andthey were not separated in traditional grammar.The distinction between tenseand aspect lies in that the former is deictic,i.e.indicating time relative to thetime of utterance;while the latter is not deictic,the time indicated is notrelative to the time of utterance,but relative to the time of another eventdescribed,or implied,in the narrative.So it is clear that English is a languagewith tense and aspect while Chinese has no tense.In Chinese,the concept oftime is not manifested in verbs but in the time adverbials.【答题思路】本题考查英汉两种语言在数，格，性，时态和体等方面的差异。分别解释这几个范畴的含义，然后比较英汉两种语言在这些方面存在的差异。8.G.Leech classified seven types of meaning.What are they?（8%）【答案】（1）According to Leech,there are seven types of meanings.The first isconceptual meaning which is logical,cognitive,or denotative content.It isdenotative in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word andthe thing it denotes,or refers to.（2）The second is connotative meaning,that is,what is communicatedby virtue of what language refers to.The third one is social meaning whichrefers to what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use.The fourth is affective meaning that is what is communicated of the feelingsand attitudes of the speaker/writer.The fifth is reflected meaning which iswhat is communicated through association with another sense of the sameexpression.The sixth one is collocative meaning that refers to what iscommunicated through association with words which tend to occur in theenvironment of another word.These five types of meaning are also calledassociative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory ofmental connections is enough to explain their use.（3）The last type is the thematic meaning which is more peripheralsince it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and thedifferent prominence they each receive.【答题思路】本题考查意义的类型。根据利奇的观点，意义可以分为七种类型，分别是概念意义，内涵意义，社会意义，感情意义，反射意义，搭配意义和主位意义。依次阐述这七种意义即可。9.What is speech act theory?（8%）【答案】（1）The speech act theory was proposed by the Oxford philosopherJohn Austin in his How to Do Things with Words.It is a philosophicalexplanation of the nature of linguistic communication.It aims to answer thequestion“What do we do when using language?”（2）Austins first contribution to the theory is the claim that there aretwo types of