大连外国语大学英语学院《661语言学》历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案).pdf
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1、目录2010年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2008年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2007年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2006年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2005年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2004年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2003年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2002年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2001年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题1992年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含答案)2010年大连外国语大学
2、英语学院661语言学考研真题2008年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2007年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2006年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2005年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含部分答案)2004年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2003年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2002年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题2001年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题1992年大连外国语大学英语学院661语言学考研真题(含答案)1.List the six important c
3、haracteristics of human language.2.What are the types of morphemes?3.Illustrate the deep and surface structures.4.What do you know about the semantic features?5.How does language change?Key1.Linguists are in broad agreement about some of the importantcharacteristics of human language,and most of the
4、m would accept a tentativedefinition like the following:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbolsused for human communication.(1)Arbitrariness-When we say“language is arbitrary”,we mean thatthere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.There is noreason why we should use the sound
5、s dag to denote the animal“dog”.(2)Duality-Language is a system.The system has two sets ofstructures,one of sounds and the other of meaning.This is important for theworkings of language.A small number of sounds can be grouped andregrouped into a large number of units of meaning(words),and the units
6、ofmeaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.The nature of this relationship constitutes a most interesting problem.Forinstance,we make dictionaries of a language,but we cannot make adictionary of sentences of that language.For the number of words isrelatively finite
7、,but the number of sentences is absolutely infinite.Thisfeature of language offers its users the possibility to talk about anythingwithin their knowledge.No animal communication system has duality,orever comes near to possessing it.(3)Productivity-Language is productive in the sense that users canun
8、derstand and producesentences they have never heard before.Every day we send messagesthat have never before been sent and understand novel messages.Much ofwhat we say and hear we say and hear for the first time;yet there seems noproblem of understanding.For example,the sentence A red-eyed elephant i
9、sdancing on the hotel bed must be new to all readers of this book and it doesnot describe a common happening in the world.Nevertheless,nobody hasany difficulty in understanding it.Productivity seems peculiar to humanlanguage.(4)Displacement-Language can be used to refer to things which are notpresen
10、t:real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future or in far awayplaces.In other words,language can refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker.This is what we mean by“displacement”.This property of language provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide ra
11、nge of things,free from the warrierscaused by remoteness in time and place.(5)Cultural transmission-Animal call systems are geneticallytransmitted.That is,animals are born with the capacity to produce the set ofcalls peculiar to their species.All cats,gibbons and bees,for example,havesystems which a
12、re almost identical to those of all other cats,gibbons andbees.With human beings,things are different:a Chinese speaker and anEnglish speaker are not mutually intelligible.This shows that language isculturally transmitted.That is,it is passed on from one generation to the nextby teaching and learnin
13、g,rather than by instinct.This is not to deny thathuman capacity for language has a genetic basis;in fact only human beingscan learn a human language at birth and he has to be exposed to a language inorder to acquire it.(6)Interchangeability-Interchangeability means that any human beingcan be both a
14、 producerand a receiver of messages.The communication systems of gibbons andbees have this feature,but those of certain other animals do not.For instancesome male birds possess calls which females do no have,and certain kinds offish have similar sex-restricted types of communication.Their calls andp
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