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译文题目：基于LabVIEW的压力开关测试系统设计

外文资料（一）：Labview programming
The pressure switch test system, involving an important concept: the virtual instrument. Virtual instrument is the United States National Instruments Corporation (NI) out of the concept of modern computer technology and instrumentation technology in-depth integration of the product. Virtual Instrument "virtual" There are two levels of meaning: 1. A virtual control panel, two virtual test and measurement and analysis. Virtual instrument is characterized by high-performance, scalability strong little development time, seamless integration. NI's withdrawal from a professional graphical programming software to design and development of virtual instruments, that is, Labiew.
LabVIEW, short for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench, is a programming environment in which you create programs using a graphical notation (connecting functional nodes via wires through which data flows); in this regard, it differs from traditional programming languages like C, C++, or Java, in which you program with text. However, LabVIEW is much more than a programming language. It is an interactive program development and execution system designed for people, like scientists and engineers, who need to program as part of their jobs. The LabVIEW development environment works on computers running Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux. LabVIEW can create programs that run on those platforms, as well as Microsoft Pocket PC, Microsoft Windows CE, Palm OS, and a variety of embedded platforms, including Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), and microprocessors.
Using the very powerful graphical programming language that many LabVIEW users affectionately call "G" (for graphical), LabVIEW can increase your productivity by orders of magnitude. Programs that take weeks or months to write using conventional programming languages can be completed in hours using LabVIEW because it is specifically designed to take measurements, analyze data, and present results to the user. And because LabVIEW has such a versatile graphical user interface and is so easy to program with, it is also ideal for simulations, presentation of ideas, general programming, or even teaching basic programming concepts.
Labiew feature continuously enriched and powerful, Labiew used for data acquisition and control, data analysis and data representation, so that engineers and scientists to take full advantage of PC functions, quickly and easily complete their own power to make. Labview main features can be summarized as follows: a graphical environment for two instruments into a built-in program compiler, so that run faster three flexible means of four supports multiple debugging platform 5 supports DDE functions.
Labiew years of development from 1986 to now, has launched a number of different versions that can support multiple popular operating systems, Labview main course of development are as follows:
1.1983 years in April, Labview Development System in the United States Austin, Texas, the successful development of
2.1985-year in May, NI introduced the Labview Beta test version
3.1986-year in October, NI company officially released the Labview1.0 for Macintosh version of the
4.1990-year in January, Labview2.0 came
5.1992-year in August in support of SUN Solaris workstation and PC-Labview version available
6.1993-year in January, Labview3.0 version is developed
7.1998-year in February, Labview5.0 version available, this version is a milestone in the history of Labview
8.2003 years, Labview7Express and Labview 7 Series start into the market, in the Labview 7 series, introduced a new data type - Dynamic Data Types
9.2005 years, Labview 8 version of the interview, the version of the specific distributed, intelligent outstanding features
10.2006, the 20th anniversary edition of Labview 8.20 an interview. 8.21 is the Chinese version of
11.2007-year in August, Labview8.5 available
12.2008-year in August, Labview8.6 version available
After 20 years of continuous innovation, development, Labview to rely on the concept of a new and unique advantages, and has maintained an efficient and powerful, and open the three basic characteristics, and gradually become the industry standard.
The above describes the characteristics of Labview and development, described below how the kind of virtual instrument design
Typically, a virtual instrument design steps are as follows:
(1). In the design window, place the front panel controls, front panel using the tool template development window, the corresponding tools, from the control template and place a good access control is needed to carry out parameter setting control properties, stickers text description tag.
(2). In the flow chart editing window, place the nodes, frame, in the flow chart editing window, use the tool template corresponding tools, from a functional template and put a good access to the required icon, they are the flow chart in the "nodes" , "frame."
(3). The data flow programming, data flow using the connection tool according to the direction of the port, node, frame in turn connected to data from the source sent to the prescribed purpose terminal operating mode.
(4). Run test, when the completion of step (a), (2), (3), the front panel procedure and flow chart graphic design program is completed, a virtual instrument has been basically established, whether to achieve the desired functionality, need to run the test. There are two kinds of test methods.
a. Simulation Test: do not use I / O interface hardware. I needed to run tests on the signal data is from "array" or "signal-generating function," resulting "emulation signal."
b. Measured test: it is through the I / O interface to hardware devices, gathering input standard signal, to test the virtual instrument capabilities. Simulation test in experimental tests carried out prior to the virtual instrument unique advantage because of its repeated testing, debugging, and constantly improve the improvement of virtual instrument is extremely convenient, is a traditional instrument can not be used in test methods.
(5).debugging techniques, use the toolbar shortcut "Run", "highlight the implementation of", "Step", "Breakpoint set" to the following steps to program debugging.
a. to identify grammatical errors, if there is a syntax error, then when start the Shortcut Bar "Run" button, the button becomes a broken arrow, the program can not perform. Mouse click on the button, a list will pop up an error window, the window listed in the wrong item, and then click any one of the listed errors, click the "Find" function button, then the error object, or the port will be changed bright.
b. slow tracking program running, use the shortcut in the toolbar's "highlight the implementation of" button, click the button, the button icon becomes highlighted form, and then click "Run" button, the program on a slower speed. The implementation of the code was not grayed out after the implementation of the code highlighting, and display data on the value of the data stream. This allows the data flow, and track the implementation of the procedures.
c. breakpoints and single-step, in order to check the program logic error, you may want to program a block diagram node in a node implementation. Breakpoint tool to use a certain location in the program to suspend program execution, using probes or single-step ways to view the data.
d. set the probe, you can view the block diagram by setting the probe to open a connection procedure by a data value.
(6). data observed, when the inspection observations were found to have an error, the mouse click "Highlight Execution" button, and observe the various nodes in the data stream values.
(7). named Save, save the designed I.

翻译（一）：Labiew的程序设计
压力开关测试系统，涉及到一个重要的概念：虚拟仪器。虚拟仪器是美国国家仪器公司（简称NI）退出的概念，是现代计算机技术和仪器技术深层次结合的产物。虚拟仪器的“虚拟”有两个层面的意思:1.虚拟的控制面板，2虚拟的测量测试与分析。虚拟仪器特点是性能高，扩展性强，开发时间少，无缝集成。NI公司退出一个专业图形化编程软件来设计开发虚拟仪器，就是Labiew.
Labview是Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench的英文缩写，它是一种图形化的编程环境，使用图形化的符号来创建程序（通过连线把函数节点连接起来，数据就是在这些连线上流动的）；在 这点上，它不同于传统的文本编程语言像C, C++, 或者Java。然而，LabVIEW不仅仅是一种编程语言，它是专门为那些工作中需要大量编程的工程师和科学家们设计的一种交互式的程序程开发和执行的系 统。LabVIEW开发环境可以工作在装有Windows, Mac OS X, 或Linu任何一种操作系统的计算机上。LabVIEW创建的程序可以在上述平台上运行，同时也可以运行于Microsoft Pocket PC, Microsoft Windows CE, Palm OS和大量的嵌入式平台，包括现场可编程门阵列(FPGAs)，数字信号处理器（DSPs）和微处理器。
许多使用功能强大的图形化编程语言LabVIEW的用户亲切的称之为“G”语言（取自graphical），LabVIEW能够让你的开发效率提高 几个数量级。使用传统语言可能需要几周或者几个月才能完成的程序，如果用LabVIEW编写，几个小时就能完成，其中一个原因是LabVIEW是专为用户 设计的，用来进行测量，分析数据和显示结果。另一个原因是LabVIEW有丰富的图形化用户接口（GUI）,使用这些接口使编程变得很容易。它也非常适合 用来进行仿真，表述思想，编写一般程序，或者讲述基本编程概念。
Labiew的功能不断丰富和强大，Labiew用来进行数据采集与控制，数据分析和数据表达，使工程师和科学家能充分利用PC的功能，快速简便的完成自己的功作。Labview主要特点可以概括如下：1图形化的仪器变成环境2内置的程序编译器，使运行速度加快3灵活的程序调试手段4支持多种系统平台5支持DDE等功能。
Labiew从1986年发展至今，已经推出数个不同版本，可以支持多个目前流行的操作系统，Labview主要发展历程如下：
1.1983年4月，Labview开发系统在美国德克萨斯州奥斯汀研制成功
2.1985年5月，NI公司推出了Labview Beta测试版
3.1986年10月，NI公司正式发布了Labview1.0 for Macintosh版本
4.1990年1月，Labview2.0问世
5.1992年8月，支持SUN Solaris工作站和PC的Labview版本面世
6.1993年1月，Labview3.0版本开发完成
7.1998年2月，Labview5.0版本面世，该版本是Labview历史上有一个里程碑
8.2003年，Labview7Express和Labview 7系列开始推向市场，在Labview 7系列中，引入了新的数据类型—动态数据类型
9.2005年，Labview 8版本面试，该版本具体分布式，智能化的优异特性
10.2006年，20周年纪念版Labview 8.20面试。8.21是中文版本
11.2007年8月，Labview8.5面世
12.2008年8月，Labview8.6版本面世
经过20年的持续创新，发展，Labview依靠全新的概念和独特的优势，并一直保持着高效和强大和开放这3个最基本的特征，逐步成为业界标准。

上面介绍了Labview的特点与发展，下面介绍虚拟仪器是怎么样设计的
通常，一个虚拟仪器的设计步骤如下：
（1).在前面板上设计窗口放置控件，在前面板开发窗口使用工具模板中的相应工具，从控制模板中取用和放置好所需控件，进行控件属性参数设置，标贴文字说明标签。
（2).在流程图编辑窗口，放置节点、图框，在流程图编辑窗口，使用工具模板中相应工具，从功能模板中取用并放置好所需图标，它们是流程图中的“节点”、“图框”。
（3).数据流程编程，使用连线工具按数据流的方向将端口、节点、图框依次相连，实现数据从源头按规定的运行方式送到目的终点。
（4).运行检验，当完成步骤（1）、（2）、（3）后，前面板程序与流程图图形化程序的设计完毕，一个虚拟仪器已经基本建立，是否达到预期功能，还需运行检验。有如下两种检验方式。
a.仿真检验：不使用I/O接口硬件设备。对I检验运行所需的信号数据采用由“数组”或“信号生成函数”产生的“仿真信号”。
b.实测检验：它通过I/O接口硬件设备，采集输入标准信号，来检验虚拟仪器功能。仿真检验在实测检验之前进行，是虚拟仪器所特有的优势，因为它对反复检验，调试，不断完善改进虚拟仪器极为方便，是传统仪器无法采用的检验手段。
（5).程序调试技术，利用快捷工具栏中的“运行”、“高亮执行”、“单步执行”、“断点设置”进行以下程序调试步骤。
a.找出语法错误，如果存在语法错误，则当启动快捷工具栏的“运行”按钮时，该按钮变成一个折断的箭头，程序不能执行。鼠标单击该按钮，则将弹出错误清单窗口，窗口中列出错误的项目，然后单击其中任何一个所列出的错误，单击“Find”功能按钮，则出错的对象或端口就会变亮。
b.慢速跟踪程序的运行，利用快捷工具栏中的“高亮执行”按钮，单击该按钮，该按钮图标变成高亮形式，再单击“运行”按钮，程序就以较慢的速度运行。没有被执行的代码灰色显示，执行后的代码高亮显示，并显示数据流上的数据值。这样，就可以根据数据流动状态，跟踪程序的执行。
c.断点与单步执行，为了查找程序中逻辑错误，你也许希望框图程序一个节点一个节点地执行。使用断点工具可以在程序的某一地点中止程序执行，用探针或者单步执行方式查看数据。d.设置探针，可以通过设置探针开查看框图程序经某一根连线的数据值。
(6).数据观察，当检查观察中发现有错误时，鼠标单击“Highlight Execution”按钮，观察数据流中各个节点的数值。
(7).命名存盘，保存设计好的I。

外文资料（二）：A Nano-Tuneable Pressure Switch System Design Based On Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
S.S.Hosseini Yazdi and M.Mousavi Mashadi Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,University of Tehran, Iran
Abstract:Under hydrostatic pressure, the cross section of a Single Wall Carbon Nanotube(SWNT) reduces uniformly and proportionally to the applied pressure until it reaches to SWNT's first transition pressure.In addition, SWNT kinks,becomes unstable and collapses on a ground plane due to bending loads.This phenomenon is a function of SWNT diameter. Bending loads can be generated by inducing a voltage between SWNT and a conductive ground plane. Therefore ,by inducing a certain Pull-in voltage relative to a certain diameter(pressure), SWNT does not collapse until the applied pressure reaches to a certain amount which causes a certain SWNT diameter reduction.In this case, because of SWNT collapse on the ground plane, there will be a connection between them closing an electric circuit.In this study, these characteristics are employed to introduce a tuneable pressure switch. This type of pressure switch,in comparison to previous presented one, uses only one SWNT for switching, is able to sense pressure with higher resolution and has a much simpler system.
Key words:Single wall carbon nanotube, pull-in voltages, electrostatic bending forces, kink, phase transition, transient pressure
INTRODUCTION
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes(SWNTs) has novel mechanical properties and behaviors which have attracted many considerations and studies recently. Under hydrostatic Pressure, SWNT's cross section is reduced uniformly and proportionally to applied pressure, until it reaches SWNT's first transient pressure. In this case the SWNT physical properties change and its cross section becomes elliptical. This characteristics has been used in previous presented nano pressure sensors by Wu et al.(2004), When applied pressure reaches to one of the SWNT's transition pressure, its cross section shape changes, turning SWNT into a semi-conductive material.The pressure sensing system has the ability to sense the change of SWNT from a conductive material to a semi- conductive substance for switching. Therefore, in this way, pressure sensor needs a number of SWNT's. However, the number of used SWNT's is restricted because Gao et al.(1998)bsowed when SWNT diameter exceeds a limit, its natural shape is collapsed form. Thus, it is imposssible to use them in this system. Consequently, the pressure sensor only is able to sense retricted number of pressure(SWNTs' transition pressures) （Fig.1 and 2）.
To overcome the pressure sensing range restriction of the previous introduced switch, in this study, a tuneable pressure switch system has been introduced which can switches with higher resolution using much simpler system. It consists of a fixed ends SWNT and a graphite ground plane which are conductive. When various Pull-in voltage are induced, SWNT collapses on the ground plane only if the relative hydrostatic pressures are applied. The upper bound of pressure sensing range of this switch is the first SWNT's traansition pressure. To understand the mechanism of the switch on which the design is based, SWNT transition pressure and pull-in phenomenon are illuminated in the follow sections.
TRANSITION PRESSURE
Zang et al.(2004), Sun et al.(2004) and Sood (2004) showed that SWNTs under applied hydrostatic pressure encounter phase transition. This phase transition is due to difference between energy which is needed to alter Carbon-Carbon bond length and Carbon-Carbon-Carbon angle. At first stage, the SWNT cross section reduces uniformly and proportionally under pressure, which is the result of Carbon-Carbon bond uniform length reduction. At a certain point, the cross section shape collapses from circular to elliptical. In this case, the SWNT deformation is much lager than previous.
The reason is:
Carbon-Carbon-Carbon angle variation needs much less energy in comparison to Carbon-Carbon bond length variation. Thus, SWNT undergoes a greater deformation after facing pressure higher than its first transition pressure. As a result, the isotropic SWNT turns into an anisotropic SWNT which is semi-conductive substance. The first SWNT transition pressure is obtained by (Fig.3):

Where R0 is SWNT initial radius and D is SWNT elastic constant. For SWNTs, D=0.76eV which is obta