大学英语四级写作类型和结构分析省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

大学英语四级写作第1页一、考评目标考评学生用英语进行书面表示初步能力二、考评要求1.时间：30分钟2.字数：120词以上，180词一下3.题型：1）对比选择型2）原因解释型3）利弊分析型4）问题处理型5）记叙文6）应用文第2页1 1作文题满分为作文题满分为1515分。分。阅卷标准共人为五等：阅卷标准共人为五等：2 2分，分，5 5分，分，8 8分，分，1111分及分及1414分。分。2 2分分-条理不清，思绪紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子都有错误，且多数为严重错误。条理不清，思绪紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子都有错误，且多数为严重错误。5 5分分-基本切题，表示思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。基本切题，表示思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。8 8分分-基本切题，表示思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。基本切题，表示思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。1111分分-切题，表示思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少许语言错误。切题，表示思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少许语言错误。1414分分-切题，表示思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯很好，基本上无语言错误。切题，表示思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯很好，基本上无语言错误。阅阅卷卷人人员员根根依依据据阅阅卷卷标标准准，对对照照样样卷卷评评分分，若若认认为为某某一一分分数数文文件件次次（如如8 8分分）相相同同，即即定定为为（8 8分分）；若若认认为为稍稍优优或或劣劣于于该该档档次次，则则可加一分（可加一分（9 9分）或减一分（分）或减一分（7 7分），但不得加减半分。分），但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分：字数不足应酌情扣分：少少1010字字少少2020字字少少3030字字少少4040字字少少5050字字少少5151字字累计字数累计字数110110119119100100109109909099998080898970707979 69 69扣分扣分1 12 23 34 45 55 5注：注：1 1、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。2 2、只写一段者：只写一段者：0 04 4分，只写两段者：分，只写两段者：0 09 9分（指要求三段作文）分（指要求三段作文）3 3、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立词而无法表示思想、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立词而无法表示思想,则给零分。则给零分。2.2.设作文最低分，采取以下成绩计算方法：设作文最低分，采取以下成绩计算方法：1 1）作文分为）作文分为0 0分者，总分即使高于分者，总分即使高于6060分，一律作不及格处理；分，一律作不及格处理；2 2）作文分大于）作文分大于 0 0 分小于分小于 6 6 分者，按下分者，按下 列方式计算成绩：列方式计算成绩：最终报道分最终报道分 =原计算总分原计算总分 6+6+作文实得分作文实得分三、评分标准：三、评分标准：第3页主题段主题段扩展段扩展段(1-2段段)终止段终止段主题句（第主题句（第1句）句）扩展句（扩展句（1到到2句）句）终止句（引出下文）终止句（引出下文）132终止句（最终终止句（最终1 1句）句）扩展句扩展句主题句（第主题句（第1句）句）过渡词过渡词过渡词过渡词 二、全文二、全文(议论文议论文)基本结构：基本结构：第第二部分二部分四级作文结构四级作文结构KeytoSuccessIn In such such a a competitive competitive society,society,everyone everyone has has a a strong strong desire desire to to be be successful successful and and in in his his life.life.But But how how to to achieve achieve success?success?In In my my opinion,opinion,there there are are three three main main keys keys a a clear clear objective,strong willpower and diligence.objective,strong willpower and diligence.FirstFirst,it it is is very very important important to to set set up up a a goal goal before before you you start.start.No No one one can can be be successful successful without without a a goal goal in in his his mind.mind.BesidesBesides,you you need need a a strong strong willpower willpower to to keep keep you you go go ahead.ahead.There There always always are are tough tough stones stones in in every every road road to to success.success.Whether Whether you you can can go go through through it it depends depends on on whether whether you you are are persistent persistent enough.enough.Last Last but but not not leastleast,everyone everyone who who wants wants to to succeed succeed should should be be diligent.diligent.There There is is and and old old saying,saying,“No No pains,pains,no no gains.gains.”Most Most successful successful people people owe owe their their success success to to hard hard working,working,such such as as Einstein.Einstein.In In conclusion,conclusion,if if we we want want to to be be successful,successful,we we have have to to master master the the three three main main keys keys mentioned mentioned above.above.There There is is no no shortcut shortcut to to success.success.The The three three keys keys will will assure assure you you to to realize realize your your beautiful dream.beautiful dream.第4页主题句主题句扩展句扩展句终止句终止句连接词连接词连接词连接词段段落落1.主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表示中心思想句子。3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者印象.It is not difficult to make a right choice It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a house in the low-rise area between buying a house in the low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area(and buying one in the high-rise area(主题句主题句).).If we want to economize and get more If we want to economize and get more personal area,we can choose the low-rise;personal area,we can choose the low-rise;but if we want to live more comfortably,we but if we want to live more comfortably,we will choose the high-rise(will choose the high-rise(扩展句扩展句).).In a word,In a word,the key lies in the alternative of economy the key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort(and comfort(结尾句结尾句).).一、四级作文段落基本结构：一、四级作文段落基本结构：第5页第三第三部分部分 常见错误和问题常见错误和问题注意方面：注意方面：1切题 2结构（三段式）3落题快（主题句在每段句首，不要绕圈）4长度（120150字，卷面第二页中间或到三分之二处，不要过多）语言方面须注意问题：语言方面须注意问题：1题目标大写An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It Pays to Be Honest How to Succeed in a Job Interview2句子错误1）语态时态不正确I read the passage carefully and several mistakes were found.(语态不一致)I read the passage carefully and found several mistakes.I am very grateful if you could help me with this problem.(时态不一致)I will be very grateful if you could help me with this problem.2）主谓不一致He like playing football very much.He likes playing football very much.3）中式英语My English has made great progress.I have made great progress in English.Work makes me feel satisfied.Work is a source of satisfaction to me.4)结构不完整Although had many difficulties in studying English,I finally passed the exam.Although I had many difficulties in studying English,I finally passed the exam.第6页Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation12月CET4作文题对比观点对比观点/原因解释题型原因解释题型/利弊分析利弊分析Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.Oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure.Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.第7页对比开头对比开头Takeajobinacompanyv.sgotoagraduateschoolUpongraduation,someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool,butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately.Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages.Armedwithmoreknowledge,youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge-driveneconomy.Nevertheless,第8页对比开头对比开头workinastate-ownedbusinessv.sworkinajointventureAftergraduation,Iprefertoworkatastate-ownedenterprise(SOE)insteadofasino-foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign-ownedcompany.Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages.Intheirearlystages,theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastaxcutsoreventaxexemptions,thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs.Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly“nationaltreatment”thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare.Ontheotherhand,第9页对比开头对比开头findajobsomewherev.sstartabusinessofyourownWhilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany,inagovernmentagency,orataschool,Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown.Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits.Forexample,youdonthavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany,andyouhaveastableincome,modestasitmaybe.However,第10页1.开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论问题。开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论问题。2.退一步，阐述二选一中另一项优势。退一步，阐述二选一中另一项优势。3.话锋一转，绕回主题，陈说个人原因。话锋一转，绕回主题，陈说个人原因。开头前两段第11页Weallknowthat/asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutNowadays/atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat依我看来，我认为依我看来，我认为AsfarasIamconcernedasforme/asIseeitfrommyperspectiveformypart/personallyspeaking开头句式开头句式第12页Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading(onlythe1stparagraph)onthistopic.改写练习改写练习第13页一、开头惯用语式一、开头惯用语式(主题段引入主题段引入)AproverbsaysAstheproverbsaysSomepeoplesaythatManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthatWeallknowthatAsweallknowItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoItiswellknownthatItissaidthatIthasbeenfoundthatItiseasytoseethatThepiegraphshowsArecentsurveyprovidesThechart/graph/tableshowsNoonecandenythatNowadays,.Atpresent第14页原因解释型原因解释型12月真题Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesayingNevergoouttoseewhathappens;goouttomakethingshappen.Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.第15页BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes,“neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens;goouttheretomakethingsreallyhappen.”clearly,itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms.Istronglysupportthispointofview,andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint.Observethebeginningsofmodelessays第16页ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission”wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation.Apparently,thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning.Inourdailylife,itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes.Meanwhile,ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaventkeptthehabitoflifelonglearning.Takingalookaround,wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis:第17页ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion:Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Thisisaproverbfulloflogic.Inotherwords,learningissignificantinourwholelife.Indeed,wecanlearnmanythingsfromit.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones.第18页1.复述引言，简明解析引言主题2.选取角度（基本都是拥护），围绕主题阐释例子。第19页步骤：1.阐释现象/解释题意（举例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（举例）/得出结论（解释、提出论点/某种现象）Thereasonarelistedasfollows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3)./Foronething,_(原因1).Foranother,_.(原因2)/Forinstance,_.(事例1)Anotherinstance/Acaseinthepointisthat_(事例2)Therefore,/Fromtheaboveexamples,/Inconclusion,/Inshort,/Inaword(结论或提议)Writingmodel:第20页对比利弊型对比利弊型Forfreshmen,thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining.Writeanessayentitled“Ismilitarytrainingnecessary?”1.Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant.2.Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary.3.Yourownviews.第21页IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary?Inmostcollegeanduniversities,thefirstlessonforthe freshmen is military training.As for this issue,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/peoplesattitudesarevarious.The advocates hold the view that,with the basicmilitarytraining,studentswilllearndiscipline,teamworkandpatriotism.Theirexperienceofcooperating with each other to solve a problem willinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation,whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy,eventheirfuturecareer.OpeningsentenceThesisstatementTopicsentence1第22页Theprotestors,however,arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeoplestime.IntodaysChina,thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining,nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle.Iagreethatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar.Nevertheless,throughhardandarduoustraining,thefreshmenaretransformed from naive teenagers into young adults.The spirits of unity,toughness and bravery willinfluencetheirlifeforever.conclusionTopicsentence2第23页二、二、中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）通通常常按按主主要要程程度度排排列列，我我们们习习惯惯于于先先说说最最主主要要，西西方方人人则则相相反，但都得符合逻辑次序。反，但都得符合逻辑次序。1表表示示“首首先先”first,firstly,firstofall,tobegin，但但不不可可用用atfirst。2表表示示“第第二二”、“另另外外”“其其次次”、“况况且且”second,secondly,and,besides,moreover,additionally,furthermore,whatsmore,inaddition,besides+名名词词短短语语，inadditionto+名词短语，名词短语，another+名词短语名词短语3表表示示“最最终终”finally,last,lastly,lastbutnotleast最最终终但并非最不主要是。但不可用但并非最不主要是。但不可用atlast或或intheend。4表示表示“最主要是最主要是”aboveall,mostimportantofall5.表表示示“更更严严重重是是”、“更更糟糟糕糕是是”more serious,evenworse,tomakematterworse6.表表示示“最最为为严严重重是是”、“最最糟糟糕糕是是”mostseriousofall,worstofall第24页二、二、中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）比如：比如：1）First of all,论论据据1.More importantly,论论据据2.Most important of all,论据论据3.In summary,总结观点总结观点.2)Theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows：First,好处好处1.Besides,好处好处2.Most important of all,好处好处3.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.To begin with,坏坏处处1.To make matter worse,坏坏处处2.Worst of all,坏处坏处3.Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelieve观点观点.3）For one thing,论论据据1.For another,论论据据2.Last but not the least,论论据据3.To conclude,总总结结观观点点或或 From above,we can predict that 预测预测.4）First of all,论论据据1。Furthermore,论论据据2。Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,论论据据3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总总结结观观点点。或或From above,we can predict that预测预测.第25页二、二、中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）中间惯用句式（扩展段连接）其它词语或句式：其它词语或句式：1）用于强调：afterall,anyway,infact,indeed,apparently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于对比：however,on one hand,on the other hand,in contrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,instead,but,differentfrom,3）用于比较：similarly,likewise,like,inthesameway,4）用于列举：forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforgranted,except(for)5）表示时间：later,then,next,finally,atlast,eventually,meanwhile,afterthat,fromnowon,atthesametime,forthetimebeing,aftersometime,intheend,immediately,inthemeantime,recently,soon,nowandthen,during,nowadays,presently,since,as soon as,afterwards,some time later,temporally,in themeanwhile,afterawhile,6）用于解释：inotherwords,asamatteroffact,thatis,7)用于让步：although,inspiteof,despite,eventhough,evenif,though,nomatterhow8)用于结果：consequently,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其它：notonlybutalso,asfarasIamconcerned,whenitcomesto,inpractice,inprinciple,anotherkeyaspectofis,itistruethat,whatismoreserious is,there is no doubt that,but it is a pity that,but the trouble/problem/pointis第26页Nowadays,_(讨论主题)playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,_(讨论主题)hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,_(好处1).Besides,_(好处2).Mostimportantofall,_(好处3).Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,_(坏处1).Tomakematterworse,_(坏处2).Worstofall,_(坏处3).Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,(结论)./Ibelievethemanagementof_(主题)dependon(个人提议)Writingmodel:第27页问题处理型问题处理型HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.大学费用（tuitionandfees）能够经过各种路径处理；2.哪种路径适合我/我能够采取哪些方法处理我大学费用问题。第28页Nowadays,tuition and fees for college are muchhigher than ever before.How to finance their collegeeducation has become a matter of concern for manystudents,especiallythosewhofromremoteareas.In fact,there are many ways to solve this problem.Generally speaking,we can get most our tuition feesfromourparents.Ifourfamilyisshortageofmoney,wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfrom some banks or from governments.Moreover,bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwinter vacations,wecanearn themoney weneed fordinners,textbooksandtransportationfees.Lastbutnotleast,ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords,wecaneven win scholarships from universities,which canlargely ameliorate our living condition and relieve theburdenoftuitionandfees.第29页As far as I am concerned,I prefer to obtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart-timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition.Ontheonehand,Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichmayputthemundergreatpressure.Ontheotherhand,toobusyworkingpart-timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance.Therefore,acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollege life,encourage me to maintain myindependence but still help me balance my lifeandstudy.第30页处理问题要考究方法，可按时间先后，也可按轻重缓急等排列。基本模式为：（当前现象及存在问题）.Manywayscancontributeto_（要处理问题）,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_(使用这些方法时要注意事项)/(展望)/(总结上述三种方法).第31页三、结尾惯用句式（终止段连接）三、结尾惯用句式（终止段连接）1表示表示“总之总之”、“总而言之总而言之”、“简言之简言之”inconclusion,insummary,toconclude,tosummarize,tosumup,inshort,inbrief,inaword,