高中英语之定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句.pdf
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1、定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句讲解及练习名词性从句whatever 与 no matter whatIt is generally considered unwise to give a child her or she wants.A.whatever B.no matter what C.whenever D.no matter when此题应选Ao容易误选B。选项C、D显然是错的,因为句中的wants缺宾语,而C、D两项不能作宾语。至于C、D的区别,可这样描述:no matter what只能,而不引导名词性从句。而whatever既可(=anything that),也nJ(=no m
2、atter what):1.引导名词性从句(只用whatever):无论他做什么都是对的。正:Whatever he did was right.误:No matter what he did was right.无论他说什么似乎都有道理。正:Whatever he says sounds reasonable.误:No matter what he says sounds reasonable.山羊找到什么就吃什么。正:Goats eat whatever they find.误:Goats eat no matter what they find.2.(两者可换用):无论你说什么,我都不会
3、相信你。正:Whatever you say,I won t believe you.正:No matter what you say,I won t believe you.无论发生什么,都要保持镇定。正:Keep calm,whatever happens.正:Keep calm,no matter what happens.名词性从句的三个基本要素要素一:引导词也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类,二是if/whether类,三是疑问词类。既然是引导词,所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。要素二:语序名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同,即“主语+谓语”。事
4、实上,任何一种从句,其语序都必须与陈述句的语 序相同。要素一:时态若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语动词是一般过 去时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。引导宾语从句that的省略问题名词从句作动词宾语时,前面的that常被省略,特别是在非正式语体中:I suggested(that)they should drive along the coast.我建议他们沿着海岸开车。1 hoped(that)I wou 1 d/should succeed.我曾希望我会成功。I know(that)he will be
5、 in time.我知道他会赶得上的。T knew(that.)he wou 1 d be in time.我当时知道他会赶得上的。He thinks(that)they will give him a visa,他想他们会给他签证。He thought(that)they would give him 3 visa.他本想他们会给他签证。I expect(that)the plane will he diverted.我料想飞机会改变航线。I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.我本料想飞机会改变航线。在某些动词(如answer,imply)之
6、后则一般需要用that。如:He answered that he was from Austria.他说他是奥地利人。She answered that she preferred to eat alone.她回答说她愿意独自吃。I don t wish to imply that you are wrong.我无意暗示你错了。The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair.报纸报道暗指他们有染。在较长的句子里,特别在“that从句”与动词隔开时,that 一般不可省略。如:The dealer told me how m
7、uch he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money with out delay.那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车,并说我会立即收到款。这个that if是什么意思这道题中的that if是什么意思?She promised he had enough money she wou1d marry him.A.that B.if C.that if D.if that【分析】此题应选C,其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为She promised that she would marry him if
8、 he had enough money.山于将条件状语if he had enough money插入动词promised与其宾语从句之间,从而导致 许多同学误选。顺便说一句,本来动词promise后接宾语从句时,引导宾语从句的that是可以省略的,但是按英语 习惯,当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时,引导宾语从句的that通常不宜省略,所以此题不宜选B。又如:She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money.她答应要是谁找到她儿 子,她会给他一大笔钱。(句子可改为 She promise
9、d that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.)He said that when his wife came back he would leave.他说等他妻子一回来,他就离开。(句子可改写为He said that he would leave when his wife came back.)Tell him that if he is at home I 11 come to see him.告诉他,如果他在家,我就去看他。(句子可改写为Tell him(that)I 11 come to see h
10、im if he is at home.)这两道题考查名词性从句吗第1题Don t you know,my dear friend,it is you that she loves?A.who B.wh i ch C.that D.what【分析】此题容易误选A或B,选A者认为这是指人的,故用who;选B者认为这是非限制性定语从句,两者都 是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词),其实此题应选C,它引导的是一个宾语从句,只是被其中的插入语my dea r friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend,dont you know that it is you that s
11、he loves?又如:I think,though I could be mistaken,he liked me.A.who B.which C.that D.what答案选 C,句子可改写为 I think that he liked me,though I could be mistaken.即 that he liked me 是 动词think之宾语。第2题He told me the news,believe it or not,he had earned$1 000 in a single day.A.that B.which C.as D.because【分析】此题容易误选B
12、,误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选A,that引导的是一个用以修饰名词t he news的同位语。不少同学之所以误选B,正是believe it or not(信不信由你)这个插入成分惹的祸。这道题是考查主语从句吗?这道题是考查主语从句吗?要看仔细定噢!with the right knowledge can give first aid.A.Who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Who ever【分析】此题容易误选B,主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势:Whoever says that is lying.谁那样说,谁就是在说谎。Whoever breaks this
13、 law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。Whoever comes first can get a ticket free,谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。以上各例中的whoever引导的均为主语从句,它们均可换成anyone who,但不能换成anyoneo上面的试题从表 面上看,与以上各例很相似,其实有本质的不同,即 with the right knowledge中没有谓语动词,所以 我们不能选whoevero此题的正确答案为C,anyone为句子主语,with the right knowledge为修饰anyone的定语。请做以下试题:(1)with a goo
14、d education can apply for the job.A.Who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Who ever(2)has a good education can apply for the job.A.WhoB.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Who everA.Who_ having a good education can apply forB.Whoever C.AnyonetheD.job.Whoever(4)A.Who_ seen smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.WhoeverA.Who
15、_ is seen smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Whoever(6)A.Who_ smoking here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.WhoeverA.Who_ smokes here will be fined.B.Whoever C.AnyoneD.Whoever第题选C,介词短语 with a good education 为修饰 anyone的定语;第(2)题选 B,whoever has a good education 为主语从句;第(3)题选C,现在分词短语having a
16、 good education为修饰anyone的定语;第(4)题选C,过去分词短语seen smoking here为修饰anyone的定语(可视为anyone who is seen smoking h ere之省略);第(5)题选 B,whoever is seen smoking here 为主语从句(from);第(6)题选C,现在分词短语smoking here为修饰anyone的定语;第(7)题 B,whoever smokes here 为主语从句。that与whether(if)引导名词性从句的区别两者均可引导宾语从句,也可引导语从句和表语从句(if通常不行),但两者含义不同
17、,whether(if)表示“是 否,that却不表示任何含义。在它们所引出的从句中,that表示一种肯定、明确的概念,而whether(if)则表 示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。比较:Whether he 11 come is not known yet.他是否来还不清楚。That he 11 come is known to us all.我们都知道他会来。类似地,动词doubt(怀疑)后接宾语从句时,由于doubt的含义不确定,故通常用whether(if)来引导其宾语 从句,但若doubt为否定式,则其后的宾语从句用that来引导。如:I doubt if you are honest.
18、我怀疑你是否诚实。I don t doubt that you are honest,我不怀疑你是诚实的。that,why与because引导表语从句时的区别虽然三者均可引导表语从句,但that没有词义,而why和because有自己的意思;另外,虽然why和becau se都可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调原因。如:The reason was that you don t trust her.原因是你不信任她。The fact is that they are angry with each other.事实是他们生彼此的气。He was ill.That s why he was
19、 sent to the hospital.他病了,所以被送到医院来。He was sent to the hospital.That s because he was ill,他被送到医院,是因为他生病了。whether和if引导名词性从句的区别两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句,表示“是否”,常可互换。但除此(用于动词后引导宾语从句)之外,在 其他情况下表示“是否”时,通常要用whether而不用if,如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状 语从句、与。r连用分别引导两个分句等,或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与or not连用等等。如:Ask him whether if he
20、 can come.问他能不能来。The question is whether he can do it.问题是他能不能做。Answer my question whether you can help him.问答我你是否能帮助他。It depends on whether the letter arrives in time.这取决于信是否来得及时。注:在某些动词后(如discuss等)通常只用whethero如:We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.我们讨论了是否要开一个会。that与what引导名词性从句的区别that引导名词性从
21、句只起连接作用,在从句中不作任何成分,无意义,在宾语从句通常省略,但在主语从句、表 语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略;what除引导从句外,还在从句中作成分,意为“所的(东西)”,在含义上等 于“名词+that 如:1.用that的例子That she lacks experience is obvious.她缺少经验,这是显然的。The police learned that he wasn,t there at that time.警察获知他那时不在场。He realized that she too was exhausted.他意识到她也精疲力尽。My idea is that you
22、shouldn t have left the country.我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday.鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。It was quite plain that he didn,t want to come.很明显他不想来。It is natural that they should have different views.他们看法不同是很自然的。2.用what的例子What(=The thing that)he said was true.他所讲的是事实。What he h
23、ad hoped at last came true.他希望的事终于成为现实。What he said is beneath contempt.他说的话不值一理。What he says is true,possibly.或许他说的是对的。What she saw gave her a fright.她看到的情况吓了她一跳。What I want to say is this.我想说的是这一点。I,m sorry for what I said.我为我说的话表示歉意。That s what I want to know.这是我想知道的。Y ou had better hear what I h
24、ave to say.你最好听听我的意见。I managed to get what I wanted.我设法得到了我要的东西。It was what he meant rather than what he said.这是他的原意而不是他的原话。There,s something in what he says.他的话有些道理。Her interest was roused by what he said.他的话引起了她的兴趣。He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他
25、向清楚她不 太赞成他的做法。注:that可引导同位语从句,what不能。如:Have you any idea what time it starts?你知道什么时候开始吗?学习名词性从句的应注意的关键点1.备考主语从句应注意以下三点一是从句作主语,主句谓语动词用第三人称单数;二是主语从句通常用it作形式主语,尤其是在It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+that中,或在It seems/happens that中,或疑问句中;三要注意由what,whatever,whoever引导的主语从句一般不用形式主语。2.备考宾语从句应注意以下四点一是介词后(except等除外)一般不跟that引导的宾
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