研究生英语close答案.doc

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Author G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thing as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) _requires___ coordination of the listener’s mental powers with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2)__dimensional__; listen critically with the ears, 3)___thoughtfully___ with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.
1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) __lines___, and anticipate the instructor’s 5) __next___ point.
2) Good listeners 6) ___summarize _____ what has been said and put instructor’s thoughts into their 7)_own__ words.
3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes__ .
4) Good listeners try to get as much 9) _out_ of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.
5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) __refuse____ to listen to anything they don’t agree with.
6) Good listeners sit near the 11) _front__ so as not to miss anything.
People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) _ content __, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13)_act __ as though they are comfortable lecturing; it doesn’t mean that they have nothing of 14)_ value _ to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15)__accent__ , or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16) __distracting___ to the listener, every 17)__effort__ should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.
Another area that good listeners can take 18) _advantage___ of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) _forth _, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn’t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) __ conclusions ___ .right boarder homely extend familiar
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People need homes: children assume their parents’ place as home; 1)___boarders_____ call school “home” on weekdays; married couples work together to 2)__build___ new homes; and travelers … have no place to call “home”, at least for a few nights.
So how about people who have to travel for 3) ___extended______ periods of time? Don’t they have the 4) __right____ to a home? Of course they do.
Some 5) __regular_____ travelers take their own belongings: like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make them feel like home no matter where they are; some stay for long periods in the same hotel and as a result become very 6) __familiar_____ with service and attendants; others may simply put some flowers 7)_by__ the hotel window to make things more 8)_homely______ . Furthermore, driving a camping car during one’s travels and sleeping in the vehicle at night is just like home — only 9)__mobile____ !
And how about 10)___maintaining____ relationships while in transit? Some 11) __keep___ contact with their friends via internet; some send letters and postcards, or 12)__even___ photos; others may just call and say hi, just to let their friends know that they’re still alive and 13)__well___ . People find ways to keep in 14)__touch____ . Making friends on the way helps travelers feel more or less at home. Backpackers in youth hostels may become very good friends, even 15) __closer___ than siblings.
Nowadays 16)__few___ people are working in their local towns, so how do they develop a 17)__sense____ of belonging? Whenever we 18)__step__ out of our local boundaries, there is always another ‘home’ 19)__waiting__ to be found. Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and 20)___imagination___ , we can make the place we stay “home”.
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Biological diversity is the variety of all life forms — the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they 1)___contain_____, and the ecosystems to which they belong.
Millions of years of 2) __isolation_______ from other continents have resulted in Australian plants and animals evolving in ways 3)___different_____ from elsewhere. As a result, about 82% of our mammal species, 45% of our land bird species, 85% of our flowering plant species, 89% of our reptile species, and about 93% of our frog species are found 4)_ only ____ in Australia.
The 5)__major_ ___ threat to our biodiversity is the loss of habitat through clearing for agriculture, forestry, mining and 6)__urban ____ development. This, combined with the effects of invasive plants and animals, and 7)__ _natural_____ events such as fire, drought and flood, threatens the survival of our 8)__ native species. Since European settlement, most of Australia’s ecosystems have been 9)_____extensively______ altered.
The result has been 10)___dramatic______ declines in the distribution and abundance of many species, and the 11)____extinction_______ of at least 17 native mammal species and ten terrestrial (陆栖的) bird species. The effects on aquatic (水栖的) habitats have 12)___contributed_________ to a decline in our native fish populations.
The benefits of conserving biodiversity are 13)____numerous_______. The world’s species provide us with all our food and many medicines and industrial products. There are also opportunities for 14)____developing_______ new or improved food crops from our biological diversity. Biodiversity is also 15)___important_______ for ecological processes such as regulating climate, producing soil, providing protection from erosion, 16)___storing_____ nutrients and breaking down pollution.
Biodiversity is culturally important and it 17)____maintains______ the aesthetic values of our landscapes. There is also the 18)___ view __ every species on earth has the right to 19)___survive_____ and that no single species or generation can 20)__ claim ____ the earth as its own.
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The 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1)___previous_____ generations. Divorce and working moms 2)__created_____ “latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3)__traits_ __ of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.
At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4)__giving____ feedback to others. Other traits 5)__include_____ working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6)_to_ getting things done.
Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7)__face __ job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ’80s, 8)__when__ _ the economy was in a downturn. Because of these factors, a Gen Xer doesn’t 9)__waste_ ___ time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10)_with_ __ the company — he sends his resume out and accepts the best 11)_ offer ___ he can find at another organization.
At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12)___seriously_____. But for this generation there isn’t a career ladder. There’s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13)__ fluid __.
Biodiversity Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14)__ rigid ___ work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on their performance should 15)__play_ _ a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16)__initiative______ to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you’ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17)_ for __ you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you’ll measure their progress and 18)___assure___ them that you’re committed to helping them learn new skills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19)_ stay ___ employable.) Gen Xers work best when they’re given the desired outcome and then left 20)__ alone ___ to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.
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Over the last 70 years or so, researchers have been 1___probing_____ happy and unhappy people, and they’re finally focusing on the 2___factors_____ that make a difference.
1) Wealth Money can buy a 3___degree_____ of happiness, But once you can 4___afford_____ to feed, clothe and house yourself, each 5___extra_____ dollar makes less and less difference. Scientists find that, on 6___average__ , wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is 7___complicated___. In the past half-century, average income has 8____skyrocket_____ in industrialized counties, yet happiness levels have remained 9___static_____ .
Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to 10___boost______happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and 11__colleagues_____ . Dollars buy status, and status makes people feel better. This helps explain why people who can 12___seek____ status in other ways — scientists or actors, for example — may happily 13____accept_____ relatively poorly paid jobs.
2) Desire How much stuff do you need to feel good? In the 1980s, political scientist Alex Michalos at the University of Northern British asked 18,000 college students in 39 countries to 14___rate______ their happiness on a numeric scale. Then he asked them how 15___close______ they were to having all they wanted. He found that the people whose 16___aspiration____ — not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health, the works —furthest 17___beyond___ what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who perceived a smaller gap. Indeed, the 18___size____ of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. This gap measures might explain why most people 19__fail__ to get much happier as their salaries rise. Instead of 20___satisfying____ our desires, most of us merely want more.
How to Be an Effective Listener
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The Internet grew at a fast pace in the 1990s as the general population 1)____discovered________ the power of the new medium. However, the sudden popularity of the Internet 2)___caught_________ the legal system unprepared. Before 1996 there was little federal legislation on this 3)____form________ of telecommunication. In 1996 Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which made 4)___it_________ illegal to read private e-mail. The act extended most of the protection already 5)___granted______ to conventional mail to electronic mail.
Just as the post office may not 6)___read________ private letters, neither can providers of private bulletin boards, on-line services, or Internet 7)__access______ read private e-mails. However, the act permits employers to read their workers’ e-mail. This provision 8)____was_______ intended to protect companies against industrial spying but has generated lawsuits from employees 9)___who________ objected to the invasion of their privacy.
Federal courts, however, allowed employers to 10)___secretly________ monitor an employee’s e-mail on a company-owned computer system, concluding that employees have 11)____no_______ reasonable expectation of privacy when they use company e-mail system.
Besides, the distribution 12)____of________ pornography became a major concern in the 1990s, as private individuals and businesses 13)___found_____ an unregulated means of giving away or selling pornographic images.
In 1996 Congress 14)___passed______ the Communications Decency Act, which forbade the dissemination（传播） of obscene or indecent material 15)____to_____ children through computer networks or other telecommunications media. The act included penalties of 16)___up______ to five years imprisonment and fines of up to $250,000 for knowing 17)___violations______. First Amendment advocates and on-line services immediately brought lawsuit to challenge the act 18)____as______ an unconstitutional restriction on free speech.
The Supreme Court agreed with these groups, 19)____concluding______ that the law was overly broad because, in attempting to protect children, it 20)____would_______ also limited the speech of adults.
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A “stereotype” is a generalization about a person or group of persons. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or 1)____unwilling_____ to obtain all of the information we would need to make 2)___fair_______ judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the “total picture,” stereotypes in many cases allow us to “fill in the blanks.” Our society often inn