2021届高考英语二轮创新复习-专题一-第四节-词句猜测题学案.doc

2021届高考英语二轮创新复习 专题一 第四节 词句猜测题学案

2021届高考英语二轮创新复习 专题一 第四节 词句猜测题学案

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第四节　词句猜测题
[常见设问形式]
1．词义类：①The underlined word/phrase...probably means/can be replaced by ________．②Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the underlined word/phrase...?
2．指代类：①What does the underlined word “this/that/it/they...” refer to？②The underlined part “this/that/it/they...” refers to ________．
3．句意类：①The underlined sentence in the...paragraph probably means ________．②What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph...?
[正确选项特征]
1.含义和其字面意思没有任何的关系。
2．上下文逻辑通顺。
3．与原句意思最接近。
　[干扰选项特征]
1．与所考词汇形似。
2．如果考的是熟词，含有常规词义的往往是错误选项。
3．句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般是错误选项。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

授课提示：对应学生用书第15页
题型1　语境分析猜词义
　(2020·高考全国卷Ⅱ·C片段)
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the cat­sized animals multiplied like crazy.
30．What does the underlined word “collapsed” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Boomed.　　　　 B．Became mature.
C．Remained stable. D．Crashed.
[思维可视化]

　　(2019·高考全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)
But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the“­ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non­native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
25．What does the underlined word “stumbles” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses.　　 B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes. D．Silly jokes.
[思维可视化]

[技巧点拨]
猜测词义五法
1．同义或定义解释法。上下文中以某种方式对其进行解释，如利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等词语进行解释，或利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句等进行解释。
2．因果推断法。对生词词义的猜测需要结合上下文的因果关系进行。

3．前后对比法。上下文中往往对生词提供一定的对比背景，并且通常以反义或对照的方式出现，以此可推测生词意思。
4．语境理解法。生词词义的推测大多根据语境进行，做题时要根据上下文语境信息进行分析、推理，从而猜测出生词的意义。
5．基本构词法。根据前缀、后缀、合成及词性转换猜测词义。
题型2　就近原则定指代
　(2019·高考全国卷Ⅱ·A片段)
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co­author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful words.Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，are equally funny and frightening，but they're also aspirational.
21．Who does “I” refer to in the text?
A．Stephen King. B．Gillian Flynn.
C．Jo Usmar. D．Roald Dahl.
[思维可视化]

[技巧点拨]
代词指代判断三法
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this，that，it，they，them，one，which等)究竟指代什么。具体方法：
1．返回原文，找出指代词(it，they，them，this...)。
2．向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。
3．将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
题型3　语境吻合判句意
　(2019·高考浙江卷·B片段)
Money with no strings attached．It's not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
[思维可视化]

[技巧点拨]
句意猜测两注意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
1．返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
2．一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。

授课提示：对应学生用书第16页
A
(2020·石家庄高三阶段检测)Macinley Butson was just 16 years old when she first had the idea to try and protect women from more­than­necessary radiation during breast cancer treatments—and now，her invention could be a game changer in the medical field.
Butson，whose father works in medical physics，has always been interested in science.But she only began researching the side effects of radiation treatment after her father discussed his experience with ineffective cancer treatment in his work.Since Butson had also recently lost a relative to breast cancer，she felt inspired to conduct her own research on the subject.She tried to begin her medical research by consulting scientific journals，but she found their academic terms almost impossible to understand.
She then turned to the Internet to find videos that taught how to read scientific journals.As she went deeper in her research，she stumbled upon a key bit of information: copper(铜)has been shown to be effective at protecting skin from radiation.An idea hit this Australian teen as she was viewing a film on medieval wars in her 10th grade history class.When she saw the scale(鳞)patterns of the mail(铠甲)，she was inspired to create a wearable protective tool out of copper.She then headed back online and watched videos on how to put tiny scales together.She made her own flexible scale mail which she now calls SMART(Scale Maille Armour for Radiation Therapy)．
When her invention was tested in a laboratory setting，it reduced surface exposure to unnecessary radiation by 75%.And now Butson is working on getting her SMART into clinical settings for use.
[语篇解读]　文章讲述了Macinley Butson通过自己的研究与努力，制造出了铜制的鳞甲，可以用于减少癌症病人在放射性治疗中所遭受的不必要的辐射。
1．Why did Macinley Butson start her research?
A．To assist her father with his work.
B．To save her relative from cancer.
C．To publish some articles in journals.
D．To find effective ways to treat cancer.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“But she only began researching the side effects of radiation treatment after her father discussed his experience with ineffective cancer treatment in his work.”可知，在她的父亲谈论有关他工作中无效的癌症治疗经历后，她才开始研究放射治疗的副作用。由此可知，Macinley Butson开始自己的研究是为了找到治疗癌症的有效方法。故选D。
答案：D
2．What does the underlined phrase “stumbled upon” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Came across.　　　　 B．Missed.
C．Passed on. D．Required.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中的“As she went deeper in her research”以及第三句中的“An idea hit this Australian teen”可知，Macinley Butson是在深入研究的过程中，无意中发现这一条重要信息的，并且根据这一条信息再加上受所看的中世纪战争电影的启发，她有了一个主意。由此可知，stumbled upon的含义与A项“偶然发现”相近，故选A。
答案：A
3．Where did Macinley Butson get inspiration for her invention?
A．Videos online.
B．Scientific journals.
C．History textbooks.
D．Soldiers' defensive clothes.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第四句“When she saw the scale patterns of the mail，she was inspired to create a wearable protective tool out of copper.”可知，Macinley Butson是从士兵的铠甲上获得发明灵感的，故选D。
答案：D
4．Which of the following best describes Macinley Butson?
A．Stubborn. B．Creative.
C．Selfless. D．Considerate.
解析：推理判断题。通读全文内容可知，Macinley Butson通过查阅科学杂志进行放射治疗的副作用方面的研究，随着研究的深入，她知道了铜在保护皮肤免受辐射方面有效，又受所看的中世纪战争电影中士兵所穿的鳞甲的启发而发明出了可减少癌症病人在放射性治疗中所遭受的不必要的辐射的铜制鳞甲SMART。由此可知，她是非常具有创造力的。故选B。
答案：B
词汇积累：Para.2：ineffective adj.无效果的，不起作用的　consult vt.查阅　Para.3：medieval adj.中世纪的　wearable adj.可穿戴的
B
(2020·平顶山5月联考)Paying $645 for a pair of pants(长裤)created by an unknown fashion brand might seem ludicrous，but what if the pants would last forever？Will that reason make you look smart？That's the promise of adventure clothing brand Vollebak，which announces its new pants will last a century.
Vollebak cofounder Steve Tidball says that the company stands behind the 100­year guarantee because the new pants are made of a tough material and you can walk through fire in them.Technically，the 100 Year Pants are made of a three­layer(层)material.The outer layer resists water and is designed to avoid abrasions(磨损)，the middle layer is fireproof and expands as an airbag at high temperatures，acting as a barrier between your legs and the flames，while the third layer doesn't burn，offering extra protection.
“Most fire­resistant clothing is made from heavy and uncomfortable chemical materials，but this is the world's first special material that can be comfortably worn every day，” Vollebak cofounder Nick Tidball said.“It was originally designed to help soldiers handle extreme situations，but without having to dress like firefighters.”
Still，100 years sounds like a long time for a pair of pants，especially if you wear them frequently.So how do you know they'll last that long？Vollebak put them through the Martindale abrasion resistance test，where a mechanical thumb(机械拇指)rubs against the pants until the fibers start to break.A regular clothing material can survive 25，000 revolutions，but the special material these pants are made of passed 100，000 cycles of wear.Even then，it was checked to see if any of the fibers had broken.Vollebak says they hadn't.
The 100 Year Pants are made suitable for all kinds of activities，from mountain climbing to yoga，and are stylish enough.So if you're looking to buy the last pair of pants you'll ever need，these seem like a pretty good choice.$645 is a lot，but if you think about it，it's just $6.45 per year.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。介绍了Vollebak用特殊材料制作的可穿100年的长裤，旨在向消费者推荐此款长裤。
5．What does the underlined word “ludicrous” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A．Necessary.　　　 B．Confidential.
C．Challenging. D．Ridiculous.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段“Paying $645 for a pair of pants created by an unknown fashion brand might seem ludicrous，but what if the pants would last forever？Will that reason make you look smart？”可推断，画线词与ridiculous意思最为接近。
答案：D
6．What makes Vollebak's pants different from most fire­resistant clothing?
A．That they are designed for firefighters.
B．That they are comfortable to wear daily.
C．That they are extremely tough and thick.
D．That they are effective in resisting water.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段“Most fire­resistant clothing is made from heavy and uncomfortable chemical materials，but this is the world's first special material that can be comfortably worn every day”可知，Vollebak的长裤的独特之处在于它们很舒适，可以日常穿。
答案：B
7．How does the text prove Vollebak's pants are abrasion­resistant?
A．By referring to the results of a certain test.
B．By mentioning wearers' positive comments.
C．By reporting the whole process of production.
D．By asking technicians to wear them frequently.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段“Vollebak put them through the Martindale abrasion resistance test...”及“A regular clothing material can survive 25，000 revolutions，but the special material these pants are made of passed 100，000 cycles of wear.Even then，it was checked to see if any of the fibers had broken.Vollebak says they hadn't.”可推断，本文通过提及特定测试的结果来证明Vollebak的长裤耐磨损。
答案：A
8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To recommend the special pants to consumers.
B．To research the unique designs of the new pants.
C．To speak highly of clothing designers' creativity.
D．To comment on a famous company's latest products.
解析：写作意图题。根据最后一段“So if you're looking to buy the last pair of pants you'll ever need，these seem like a pretty good choice.$645 is a lot，but if you think about it，it's just $6.45 per year.”可推断，作者写这篇文章的目的是向消费者推荐此款长裤。
答案：A