2017新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意(词义)解题策略(附带答案).doc

2017届新课标高考英语阅读理解猜测词意（词义）解题策略
高考考情分析解读：
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解题中的一种常见的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。通过对近年新课标全国卷分析统计来看，词义猜测题一般有1－2题。考查相对比较稳定，但难度略有增加，需要在复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。

2016年全国卷设问形式例子：
(1)What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅱ)
(2)What does the underline phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean？(2016年课标全国卷Ⅲ)
(3)What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to？(2015年课标全国卷Ⅰ)

常见的命题形式有：
The underlined word in the second paragraph means “________”．
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the last paragraph?
The underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “________”．
What does the phrase “________”in Paragraph 1 mean?
利用定义definition或同义解释
本学案结构：
重述

举例
利用构词法word-building

利用语境和逻辑关系
单词或短语
反义（同义第一部分已讲）
根据语法知识猜测
意思猜测题

因果
利用构词法word-building

根据常识common sense判定

代词指代猜测题目

句子猜测句意题目

附：典故谚语知识储备

单词或短语意思猜测题
该题型着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出“未知”的过程，即利用上下文的已知部分(尤其是该词或短语前后的句子)进行推理，有时还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义。考查范围涉及对某个生词或短语的含义的猜测、对某个熟词进行生义的猜测或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替等。

定义或者同义解释：
作者常常通过给某些词汇下定义来帮助读者理解词义，尤其在一些科普类、社科类及与专业内容相关的文章中，定义解释作者所用词的准确含义。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e., is, are, is/are called, mean, refer to, known as等等。利用同义解释猜词
同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or，that is(to say)，in other words，namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语(从句)、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。

1).Anthropology is the scientific study of man.
2).It will be very hard but very brittle — that is , it will break easily.
3). This was a very domesticated bird that needed help or it would not survive.
A. Having been abandoned
B. Having been used to home life
C. Having been used to life in the wild
D. Having been weak and hungry
4). He is a resolute man. Once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.
5). She is bilingual. In other words, she speaks English and French equally well.
6). Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.
7). The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off.
• The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______.
A. kind B. unwilling C. free D. careless

同义词（近义词 ）
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此，考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。并列关系(同义关系）提示词：and, also, as … as, the same as利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义 。

例如.
I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips- of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干细胞）in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
题目.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1?
A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor

9).Mr. White loves to talk , his wife is also as loquacious as him.
10).Mark Twain was not the author’s real name; it was a pseudonym.
11).The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.
12).If you agree, write “Yes”; if you dissent, write “No”.
13).Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also
regard drinking as harmful.

利用构词法猜词
英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。根据构词法猜测词义英语中的许多词汇，特别是不断出现的新词大多是通过构词法生成的。因此，掌握主要的构词法有助于猜测词义。

根据词根、前缀、后缀、复合、派生等猜测词义。
super- inter- mini- micro- -some anti- co-
post- pre- -ship

pro- 表示“往前”
progress ['prəugres] n./v. 进步 promote v.增进，促进，提高
pre- 提前，领先
predict vt. 预测 prevent vt. 预防；妨碍 preview n./v. 预览；预习
prevent
记：预先pre 走掉（-vent，似went）是预防
Timely repetition will prevent you from forgetting words.
及时重复才能预防忘记单词。 timely adv. 及时地 repetition n. 重复
per “每个，都，一直”
person n. 人 percent n. 百分比
persist v. 坚持 persuade [pə'sweid]vt.说服，劝服
记：一直（per）碎碎（sua）念就 可以说服
re-表示“再次，重复，往回，”
repeat n./v. 重复 rewrite v. 重写，改写
recall v.回想，记起；召回 recover v. 重新获得，恢复
report n./v 报告
表示“往上”的前缀 up-和in- “向下”的前缀 de
grade n. 等级，级别，成绩
upgrade ___________ degrade ______________
increase n./v 上升 增加 decrease n./v 减少，减小
in-除了表示“往上”， 更重要的意思是“往里”。 和它音近的im-，en-，em-
都是“往里”的含义
inside a.里面的
import vt. 进口
记：port港口，进到（im-）港口来，叫进口
invite v. 邀请
ink n. 墨水
in-是“往里”，那想想“往外”怎么说？
往外 ex-，e-
export v./n 出口 expand v. 扩张 exit v. 出口 ['eksit]
experience n. 经历，经验 vt.体会 explain v.解释
exhibit v. 展览 [ig'zibit; eg-]

表示否定的前缀：
un- unfair,unhappy
non-nonsmoker (常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在adj.)
dis-disagree,disappear
im-impolite,impossible (用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il-illegal
ir-irreal, irregular
(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:
mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)
(C).表示向背的前缀:
pro-(亲，支持) pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti-（阻止，抗） antiwar, anti-Japanese war
(D).表示程度、大小的前缀
super- superstar,supermarket,
superman, superpower
over- overhead, overeat, overuse
mini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under- underground, underestimate
semi-(半，部分) semicircle, semiskilled,
(E).表示时间的前缀
pre- prewar
post- postwar
fore-(前，预先)
foretell,
forecast, foresee,
weather forecast
(F).表示方位的前缀：
sub- subway, submarine
inter- international,
interclass(年级之间的）
trans-(横过，通过，超越，进入)
transplant,
transatlantic （横渡大西洋的）

常见的后缀
-ment 名词性后缀，表“行为，结果或具体物”
move v.移动；搬家movement n.运动，活动
agree v. 同意agreement n.同意，协议
manage v.管理 management n.管理

-tion 名词后缀，表动作，性质，状态

1. n. 行动 action
2. n. 污染 pollution
3. n. 人口 population
4. n. 手术 operation

-ty 名词后缀，加在形容词后面,表示特性或情况
1. n. 诚实 honesty
2. n. 安全 safety
3. n. 多样；种类；；变化 variety
4. n 焦虑 anxiety
5. n. 残酷 cruelty
-able, 形容词后缀 有”能够、有某种特性”的意思
1. adj. 舒服的 comfortable
2. adj. 合适的 suitable
3. adj. 时尚的，时髦的 fashionable
4. adj. 有道理的，合理的，公道的 reasonable
5. adj. 可信赖的，可靠的
v. 信赖 rely reliable
6. adj. 大量的；可观的
考虑 动词是？
considerable adj.大量的，可观的
7. adj. 稳定的
stable adj. 稳定的
记：s-音似“死”；-table桌子。一个死的桌子，肯定是很稳定的。
8.adj 可用的，可得到的
available adj 可用的，可得到的

-ish 为形容词和名词后缀。
1. adj. 愚蠢的 foolish
2. adj. 自私的 selfish
记忆：一条自私的鱼
3. n. 垃圾 rubbish
4. n. 英语 English
5. adj. 英国的，英国人的 British

-ful 形容词后缀
1. adj. 鲜艳的，多姿多彩的 colourful
2. adj. 高兴的，愉快的 cheerful delightful
3. adj. 有希望的，有前途的 hopeful
4. adj 有意义的，意味深长的 meaningful
5. adj. 奇妙的，极好的，精彩的 wonderful

1.动词变名词：
-ation
satisfaction, education, realization
-ment
development, movement, disappointment
-al
arrival, refusal
-ee
trainee（受训者）, employee
-er
teacher, worker
-or
visitor, sailor
wrong-doer 做错事情的人
补充学习
over- : too much overcrowded

(1)Overwork may cause diseases.

(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the manager's eyes.

2.en- 动词前缀 enable, endanger, enrich
3.重要后缀 -ment, -ion, -ness, -tion, -ful, -able, -less, -en等
4.合成词 For them, playing well and winning are often life-and-death affairs.

Down-to-earth spirit is a necessity. Sharp words from a teacher can usually bring a day-dreaming student down-to-earth.

Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. …At any rate, my love for Rachel remained without result. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army. I was sent overseas during the war. For a time we wrote, and her letters were the highlight of those terrible endless years.

词性转换（解释意思）
He is a man with broad shoulders.
We will shoulder the responsibilities at any time.

So when someone has hurt you, calm yourself first. Take a couple of breaths, and think of something that gives you pleasure…Keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean accepting the action of the person who upsets you.

Never trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. (trouble 词性与意义？)

[真题演练] A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,_or worry.

利用语境及逻辑关系猜词
利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or，that is，in other words，including，although，but，even if，on the other hand，on the contrary，other than，rather than，more than，instead of等。
利用上下文线索猜测词义
(1)重述
作者为了使某一难词或术语的含义更清楚，通常会使用常用、简明的词或词组对其进行解释，这就是重述。重述部分通过逗号与句子的其他部分隔开(有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号或括号)或用信号词引导。常见的信号词有：or, namely, that is, in other words, that is to say, to be more exact, to put in another way等等。
[典例]　 In the library, I found my way into the“Children's Room.” I sat down on the floor and pulled a few books off the shelf at random. The cover of a book caught my eye. It presented a picture of a beagle. I had recently had a beagle,_the first and only animal companion I ever had as a child.

(2) 举例
作者常常会通过对某一难词给出具体的例子，帮助读者理解该词的词义。举例常用的信号词有：such as, such ...as, for example, for instance, like, including, especially等。
[典例] Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.

1). Tom must be very affluent. He wears expensive clothes and jewelry, drives a Rolls-Royce convertible, and owns a $1,750,000 house in London.

2). You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, English Learning, or Reader’s Digest.

(3)对比转折法：根据反义词或对比关系猜测词义。

有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or, unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand， but, however, although , though，while(然而), rather than, instead of 等标志词。
[典例]　 If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
73．The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means “________”.
A．cheerful B．average
C．serious D．temporary
举例：
He had been getting better, However , during the night his condition deteriorated.

A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; instead, it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.

Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.

Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.

She is usually prompt for all her class , but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

对比Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
• The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______.
A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you
B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you

（4）因果关系法：根据前后句因果关系猜测词义。
Signal words: because，since ,so, such…that, so…that, for, ect.

I could see nothing because the light was too faint .
I feel that since you are my superior（上司）， it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “      ” .
A．full of respect     B． rude and too confident  
C．lacking in experience  D．too shy and quiet

词语再应用
1). The collision of the two cars caused a lot of damage to both.
a). side-by-side b). striking c). acting
2). My dog is hostile to strangers and therefore will bark at you and may bite you until he gets to know you.
a). friendly b). kind c). unfriendly
3). The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow。
4) . That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.
5).The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.
因果Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.
• What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean?
A. Keep everything out of campgrounds.
B. Take away everything you bring in.
C. Carry all the necessary food.
D. Look after your personal belongings.

再如：
真题演练
[典例] There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you'll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it's a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.
30．What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．A practical idea. B．A vain hope.
C．A brilliant plan. D．A selfish desire.

[典例] This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood­frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily.
63．The underlined word “hoist” in Paragraph 4 means “________”．
A．change　　　　　　B．lift
C．repair D．decorate

根据语法知识猜测词义
在英语句子中，同位语或同位语从句、定语从句等都起着解释说明、补充或限定的作用，因此也能提供猜测词义的线索。
[典例] Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies,_ one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

65．What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Countries where their people need help.
B．Powerful states with higher civilization.
C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D．Governments ruled with absolute power.

根据生活常识断定
生活常识经验：根据自身的直接或间接的经验，运用自己已有的常识, 以及英美国家的风俗习惯、宗教信仰、社会生活等将生词推测出来。
1). Pruning is important because it encourages