科技英语翻译课后练习答案.ppt

科技英语翻译科技英语翻译EST TRANSLATION1目录1第第第第3 3章章章章 名词和冠词的翻译名词和冠词的翻译名词和冠词的翻译名词和冠词的翻译1 1、名词的译法名词的译法2 2、冠词的译法冠词的译法3 3、总复习题总复习题第第第第4 4章章章章 代词的翻译代词的翻译代词的翻译代词的翻译1 1、代词的一般译法代词的一般译法2 2、人称代词的译法人称代词的译法3 3、形容词性物主代词的译法形容词性物主代词的译法4 4、指示代词的译法指示代词的译法5 5、不定代词的译法不定代词的译法6 6、it it及其句型的译法及其句型的译法7 7、总复习题总复习题第第第第1 1章章章章 概论概论概论概论1 1、翻译的标准翻译的标准2 2、对译者的要求对译者的要求3 3、科技英语文体的特点科技英语文体的特点4 4、翻译的一般方法翻译的一般方法第第第第2 2章章章章 词的翻译词的翻译词的翻译词的翻译1 1、词义的选择词义的选择2 2、词义的引申词义的引申3 3、词类的转换词类的转换4 4、词的增译词的增译5 5、词的省译词的省译6 6、重复法重复法2 目录2第第第第7 7章章章章 连词的翻译连词的翻译连词的翻译连词的翻译1 1、连词的一般译法连词的一般译法2 2、常用并列连词的译法常用并列连词的译法3 3、常用主从连接词的译法常用主从连接词的译法4 4、总复习题总复习题第第第第8 8章章章章 动词的翻译动词的翻译动词的翻译动词的翻译1 1、谓语动词的一般译法、谓语动词的一般译法2 2、动词时态的译法、动词时态的译法3 3、非限定动词的译法、非限定动词的译法4 4、情态动词的译法、情态动词的译法5 5、被动语态的译法、被动语态的译法6 6、总复习题、总复习题第第第第5 5章章章章 数词、形容词和副词的数词、形容词和副词的数词、形容词和副词的数词、形容词和副词的 翻译翻译翻译翻译1 1、数词的译法数词的译法2 2、形容词的译法形容词的译法3 3、副词的译法副词的译法4 4、形容词和副词比较级的译法形容词和副词比较级的译法5 5、形容词和副词最高级的译法形容词和副词最高级的译法6 6、总复习题总复习题第第第第6 6章章章章 介词的翻译介词的翻译介词的翻译介词的翻译1 1、介词的一般译法介词的一般译法2 2、介词短语的译法介词短语的译法3 3、常用介词的译法常用介词的译法4 4、总复习题总复习题3 目录3第第第第1111章章章章 篇章的翻译篇章的翻译篇章的翻译篇章的翻译1 1、总复习题、总复习题第第第第9 9章章章章 句子的翻译句子的翻译句子的翻译句子的翻译1 1、句子成分的译法、句子成分的译法2 2、否定句的译法、否定句的译法3 3、总复习题、总复习题第第第第1010章章章章 长句的翻译长句的翻译长句的翻译长句的翻译1 1、并列句的译法、并列句的译法2 2、名词性从句的译法、名词性从句的译法3 3、定语从句的译法、定语从句的译法4 4、状语从句的译法、状语从句的译法5 5、复合长句的译法、复合长句的译法6 6、总复习题、总复习题41.1 翻译的标准1.1.信达雅（严复）：2.2.忠实、通顺（普遍观点）3.3.科技翻译的标准：1）准确规范（第1节 翻译练习1）2）通顺易懂（第1节 翻译练习2）3）简洁明晰（第1节 翻译练习3）5第1节 翻译练习11.1.The power The power plantplant is the heart of a ship.is the heart of a ship.2.2.The power The power unitunit for driving the machines is a for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.50-hp induction motor.动力动力装置装置是船舶的心脏。是船舶的心脏。驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。马力的感应电动机。6第1节 翻译练习21.1.Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many replacing tubes in many applicationsapplications.2.2.Cramped conditions Cramped conditions meansmeans that passengers that passengers legs cannot move around freely.legs cannot move around freely.3.3.All bodies All bodies are known toare known to possess weight and possess weight and occupy space.occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。7第1节 翻译练习31.1.The removal of minerals from waterThe removal of minerals from water is called is called softening.softening.2.2.A typical foliage leaf of a plant A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging tobelonging to the the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.blade and petiole.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。柄。81.2 对译者的要求1.1.英语水平 2.2.汉语水平3.3.专业知识4.4.翻译知识5.5.翻译经验91.3 科技英语文体的特点1.1.第三人称句多2.2.被动语态多3.3.专业名词、术语多4.4.非谓语动词多5.5.长句多101.4 翻译的一般方法1.1.直译与意译（第4节 翻译练习1）2.2.合译与分译（第4节 翻译练习2）3.3.增译与省译（第4节 翻译练习3）4.4.顺译与倒译（第4节 翻译练习4）11第4节 翻译练习11.1.EinsteinEinstein s relativity theory is the only one s relativity theory is the only one which which can explain such phenomenacan explain such phenomena.2.2.All four(outer planets)probably All four(outer planets)probably have cores of have cores of metals,silicates,and watermetals,silicates,and water.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译）爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译）这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译）（意译）123.3.The designer must The designer must have access tohave access to stock lists of stock lists of the materials he employs.the materials he employs.4.4.Part adjustment and repair must be performed Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis on regular basis if an acceptable printed product if an acceptable printed product is to be the end productis to be the end product.设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译）设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译）要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译）行。（意译）13第4节 翻译练习21.1.The most important of the factors affecting plant The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is growth is that it requires the supply of waterthat it requires the supply of water.2.2.The doctor analyzed the blood sample The doctor analyzed the blood sample for for anemiaanemia.3.3.The apparent change in size of the sunThe apparent change in size of the sun is caused is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译）植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译）太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译）有尘粒而引起的。（分译）医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译）医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译）144.4.These fragments of rock and iron These fragments of rock and iron range fromrange from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.5.5.Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production production with small quantities being madewith small quantities being made and and mass production mass production with large numbers of identical with large numbers of identical parts being producedparts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，公里，小的不到小的不到1公里。（分译）公里。（分译）制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译）量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译）15第4节 翻译练习31.1.Cartography is the science of making mapsCartography is the science of making maps.2.2.Many elements in nature Many elements in nature are found to beare found to be mixtures of different isotopes.mixtures of different isotopes.制图学是制图学是研究研究绘制地图的科学。（增译）绘制地图的科学。（增译）人们人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译）混合物。（增译）163.3.The two units used most frequently in electricity The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt:this is the unit of voltage are ampere and volt:this is the unit of voltage and that of current.and that of current.4.4.That like charges repel That like charges repel butbut opposite charges opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity.electricity.电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的位，前者是电流的单位单位。（增译）。（增译）同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译）（省译）17第4节 翻译练习41.1.Almost any insulated body processes to some Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.charge.2.2.The angular contact bearing provides a greater The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.thrust capacity.3.3.The properties of the weld can be altered by The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.varying the grain orientation.几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。182.1 词义的选择1.1.词类词类/词性（词性（part of speechpart of speech）：）：第第1 1节节 翻译练习翻译练习1 12.2.上下文（上下文（co-textco-text）：）：第第1 1节节 翻译练习翻译练习2 23.3.搭配（搭配（collocationcollocation）：）：第第1 1节节 翻译练习翻译练习3 34.4.学科专业学科专业/语域（语域（registerregister）：）：第第1 1节节 翻译练习翻译练习4 419第1节 翻译练习11.1.The spindle rotates simultaneously The spindle rotates simultaneously roundround two two axes at right angles to each other.axes at right angles to each other.2.2.The earth isnThe earth isn t completely t completely roundround;it is slightly;it is slightly flattened at the poles.flattened at the poles.3.3.In each In each roundround of operation the particle picks up of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.energy from the oscillating electric field.锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词）锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词）粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词）粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词）地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词）地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词）204.4.An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which negative charge which roundsrounds about the nucleus about the nucleus of an atom.of an atom.5.5.Her waist measures forty inchesHer waist measures forty inches roundround.电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词）（动词）她腰围她腰围40英寸。（副词）英寸。（副词）21第1节 翻译练习21.1.Rate of penetration was Rate of penetration was foundfound to be proportional to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool.to the net pressure applied by the tool.2.2.Scientists are constantly striving to Scientists are constantly striving to findfind fast and fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.3.3.To To findfind the area of a square or oblong,you the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width.merely multiply its length by its width.4.4.Certain isotopes are not Certain isotopes are not foundfound in nature.in nature.人们人们发现发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。求求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。科学家们总是力求科学家们总是力求找到找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。有些同位素在自然界中并不有些同位素在自然界中并不存在存在。225.5.New fibers New fibers findfind expanding applications in engineering expanding applications in engineering and industry.and industry.6.6.Kangaroos are Kangaroos are foundfound in Australia.in Australia.7.7.This plant is This plant is foundfound in the sea near the mouth of rivers.in the sea near the mouth of rivers.8.8.Microcomputers have Microcomputers have foundfound their application in the their application in the production of genius sensors.production of genius sensors.9.9.Plastics find wide application in our daily life.Plastics find wide application in our daily life.大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。这种植物生长在近河口的海中。这种植物生长在近河口的海中。新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。23第1节 翻译练习31.1.low dampinglow damping2.2.low brakelow brake3.3.low limitlow limit4.4.low shotlow shot5.5.low currentlow current6.6.low orderlow order7.7.low accesslow access8.8.low keylow key9.9.low brasslow brass弱阻尼弱阻尼低速制动器低速制动器下限下限低位低位仰视拍摄仰视拍摄低强度电流低强度电流慢速存取慢速存取低音调键低音调键下半轴瓦下半轴瓦241.1.solid anglesolid angle2.2.solid bearingsolid bearing3.3.solid bodysolid body4.4.solid linesolid line5.5.solid borersolid borer6.6.solid colorsolid color7.7.solid crankshaftsolid crankshaft8.8.solid goldsolid gold9.9.solid measuresolid measure10.10.solid circuitsolid circuit11.11.solid injectionsolid injection12.12.solid lubricantsolid lubricant13.13.solid polesolid pole钻头钻头单色单色实心曲轴实心曲轴固态电路固态电路赤金赤金体积体积无气喷射无气喷射润滑脂，固体润滑剂润滑脂，固体润滑剂磁极磁极实线实线固体固体整体轴承整体轴承立体角立体角25第1节 翻译练习4apron(n.):apron(n.):机械行业机械行业造船业造船业建筑业建筑业地质地质运输业运输业航空业航空业军事军事护床护床船头护船木船头护船木（皮带）运输机（皮带）运输机护墙，挡板护墙，挡板冰川前的沙砾层冰川前的沙砾层停机坪停机坪（炮的）口罩，伪装天幕（炮的）口罩，伪装天幕262.2 词义的引申1.1.技术性引申2.2.修辞性引申3.3.具体化引申4.4.抽象化引申第2节 翻译练习127第2节 翻译练习11.1.The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the racewayraceway on which it rolls.on which it rolls.2.2.Traditionally,NC programming has been Traditionally,NC programming has been performed performed offlineoffline with the machine commands with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape.being contained on a punched tape.3.3.The occurrence of The occurrence of large matslarge mats of floating algae of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen.oxygen.滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道滚道的变形。的变形。（技术性引申）（技术性引申）通常，数控机床的编程是通常，数控机床的编程是脱机脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申）（技术性引申）大片大片大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申）（修辞引申）284.4.The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is is accompanied byaccompanied by the release of very considerable the release of very considerable amount of energy.amount of energy.5.5.The major contributorsThe major contributors in component technology in component technology have been in the semiconductor.have been in the semiconductor.6.6.The distance between the two plates is small The distance between the two plates is small compared with their compared with their linear dimensionslinear dimensions.7.7.Just as different solids and liquids vary in density,Just as different solids and liquids vary in density,so so dodo gases and vapors.gases and vapors.元件技术中元件技术中起主要作用起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申）的是半导体元件。（具体化引申）两板之间的距离相对于其两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度宽度和长度而言比较小。而言比较小。（具体化引申）（具体化引申）随着随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申）（修辞性引申）正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同密度也不同。（具体化引申）。（具体化引申）298.8.The Curies believed that there was The Curies believed that there was somethingsomething in in nature that gave out radiation.nature that gave out radiation.9.9.Obviously,there is Obviously,there is much roommuch room for the improvement for the improvement in the structure.in the structure.10.10.At present coal is the most common At present coal is the most common foodfood of a steam of a steam plant.plant.11.11.The facts have been set down The facts have been set down in black and whitein black and white.显然，其结构还有较大的改进显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地余地。（抽象化引申）。（抽象化引申）目前，煤是火电厂最常用的目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源能源。（抽象化引申）。（抽象化引申）居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质一种物质能放出辐射能。能放出辐射能。（具体化引申）（具体化引申）这些事实已经这些事实已经清清楚楚清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申）地记录下来了。（抽象化引申）302.3 词类的转换1.1.转译为动词 n.v.adj.v.adv.v.prep.v.n.v.adj.v.adv.v.prep.v.2.2.转译为名词 第第3 3节节 翻译练习翻译练习1 1 v.n.pron.n.adj.n.adv.n.v.n.pron.n.adj.n.adv.n.3.3.转译为形容词 n.adj.adv.adj.v.adj.n.adj.adv.adj.v.adj.4.4.转译为副词 第第3 3节节 翻译练习翻译练习2 2 adj.adv.v.adv.n.adv.adj.adv.v.adv.n.adv.31第3节 翻译练习11.1.Each time a sample was drawn for color Each time a sample was drawn for color determinationdetermination.2.2.What is What is certaincertain is that the oil spill has delivered a is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf.Gulf.3.3.We should get We should get familiarfamiliar with different systems of with different systems of units.units.每次取一个标本每次取一个标本测定测定颜色。颜色。可以可以肯定肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。击。我们应该我们应该熟悉熟悉各种（计量）单位制。各种（计量）单位制。324.4.These decision-making processes are These decision-making processes are applicableapplicable to to the entire field of engineering design-not just to the entire field of engineering design-not just to mechanical engineering design.mechanical engineering design.5.5.Hydrogen Hydrogen insteadinstead of air is frequently used for of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators.cooling large turbogenerators.6.6.When the war was When the war was overover,it was discovered that the,it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons.常以氢气常以氢气代替代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。第二次世界大战第二次世界大战结束结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。离成功还很远。这些判定过程可以这些判定过程可以应用应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。机械工程设计。337.7.Various precautions have been taken Various precautions have been taken againstagainst leakage.leakage.8.8.Once Once insideinside the oven,panels are subjected to a the oven,panels are subjected to a temperature of 365F.temperature of 365F.9.9.Value is Value