英文文献综述.pptx

Academic Writing CourseReviewing LiteratureContentsDataTypesandCollectionMethods1GeneralFormatofResearchPaper2DefinitionofLiteratureReview3StepsinReviewingLiterature4OrganizationofLiteratureReview5ElementsinIntroductionSection6Typesofdata?TypesofDataPrimaryDataSecondaryDataQuantitativeData定量QualitativeData定性ContinuousData连续(variable)DiscreteData间断/离散AttributeDataOpenDataNominalData定类OrdinalData定序IntervalData定距RatioData定比WayofcollectingNatureofdata-fieldresearch-deskresearchQualitativedatavs.quantitativedata?General Format of Research PaperIMRaD formatlIntroductionvWhyresearchneededlMethodologyvHowresearchcompletedandresultsanalyzedlResultsAndvWhatwasfound(data)lDiscussionvInterpretationofresultsandapplicationtoclinicalpracticeWhatisaliterature?imaginativeworkslikenovelsorpoetry?anypublishedmaterialthatprovidesinformationinthefieldbeingdiscussed,perhapswithinaspecifictimeperiod.Whatisaliteraturereview?Thefocusofaliteraturereviewistosummarizeandsynthesizetheargumentsandideasofotherswithoutaddingnewcontributions.lsurveysscholarlyarticles,booksandothersources(e.g.dissertations,conferenceproceedings)relevanttoaparticularissue,areaofresearch,ortheory.lprovidesadescription,summary,andcriticalevaluationofeachwork.loffersanoverviewofsignificantliteraturepublishedonatopic.Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Defining the purposeSearching for the literatureReading and analyzing the literatureOrganizing the contentsStep 5Writing the reviewSteps to conduct a literature reviewlJournalpaperslBookslThesesanddissertationslConferenceproceedingslGovernmentpublicationslTechnicalreportslInternetresourcesOrganization of Literature ReviewlChronologicalBypublicationdateBytrendlThematicAstructurewhichconsidersdifferentthemeslMethodologicalFocusesonthemethodsoftheresearcher,e.g.,qualitativeversusquantitativeapproachesWhatareincludedinIntroduction?Elements FunctionsPara.1S1-2Para.1S3-5Para.2-3Para.4Para.5GeneralStatementstoprovidethereaderwithasettingfortheproblemtobeinvestigatedSpecificStatementstodescribetheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearcherstofindthegapandindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationoftheproblemThesisStatementtopresentthepurposes/objectivesofthecurrentstudyOptionalStatementstogiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,limitationofthestudy,etc.P26(LiteratureReview)Listdifferentopinionson poverty and environmental degradationBruntland Commission Report,etc.on the one sideLeach and Mearns on the other sidelPovertyisamajorcauseofenvironmentalproblemsandameliorationofpovertyisanecessaryandcentralconditionofanyeffectiveprogramsaddressingtheenvironment.lEnvironmentaldegradation,rapidpopulationgrowthandstagnantproductionarecloselylinkedwiththefastspreadofacutepovertyinmanycountriesofAsia.lPoorfamilieswhohavetomeetshorttermneedsminethenaturalcapitalbyexcessivecuttingoftreesforfirewoodandfailuretoreplacesoilnutrients.lThesestudiespointtodemographic,cultural,andinstitutionalfactorsasimportantvariablesinthepoverty-environmentaldegradationnexus.lAnintricateweboffactorsplustheexistenceoffeedbackloopsfromenvironmentaldegradationtopovertymakestheprocessofidentifyingcausalitylinks,ifany,betweenenvironmentaldegradationandpovertyadifficultexercise.Tensesincitation?1.Whatdowealreadyknowintheimmediateareaconcerned?2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthekeyconceptsorthemainfactorsorvariables?3.Whataretherelationshipsbetweenthesekeyconcepts,factorsorvariables?4.Whataretheexistingtheories?5.Wherearetheinconsistenciesorothershortcomingsinourknowledgeandunderstanding?6.Whatviewsneedtobe(further)tested?7.Whatevidenceislacking,inconclusive,contradictoryortoolimited?8.Whystudy(further)theresearchproblem?9.Whatcontributioncanthepresentstudybeexpectedtomake?10.Whatresearchdesignsormethodsseemunsatisfactory?some of the questions a literature review should answerLiterature ReviewUntilrecentlymanyresearchershaveshowninterestinthefieldofcoastalerosionandtheresultingbeachprofiles.Theyhavecarriedoutnumerouslaboratoryexperimentsandfieldobservationstoilluminatethedarknessofthisfield.Theirfindingsandsuggestionsarereviewedhere.JACHOWSKI(1964)developedamodelinvestigationconductedontheinterlockingprecastconcreteblockseawall.AfteraresultofasurveyofdamagescausedbytheseverestormalongthecoastofUSA,anewandespeciallyshapedconcreteblockwasdevelopedforuseinshoreprotection.Thisblockwasdesignedtobeusedinarevetmenttypeseawallthatwouldbebothdurableandeconomicalaswellasreducewaverun-upandovertopping,andscouratitsbaseortoe.Itwasprovedthateffectiveshoreprotectioncouldbedesignedutilisingtheseunits.HOM-MAandHORIKAWA(1964)studiedwaveforcesactingontheseawallwhichwaslocatedinsidethesurfzone.Onthebasisoftheexperimentalresultsconductedtomeasurewaveforcesagainstaverticalwall,theauthorsproposedanempiricalformulaofwavepressuredistributiononaseawall.Thecomputedresultsobtainedbyusingtheaboveformulawerecomparedwellwiththefielddataofwavepressureonaverticalwall.SELEZOVandZHELEZNYAK(1965)conductedexperimentsonscourofseabottominfrontofharbourseawalls,basingonthetheoreticalinvestigationofsolitarywaveinteractionwithaverticalwallusingaBoussinesquetypeequation.Itshowedthatthenumericalresultswereinreasonableagreementwithlaboratoryexperimentaldata.Read,Think and Answer P354.Is it a good literature review?Why?Wedontbelievethatitisagoodliteraturereview.Itonlygivesasummaryofpreviousresearch;itdoesnotusetheliteraturetoexplainmoreaboutthewritersownresearchproblem.Also,itisnotcritical:afterwereaditwestilldonotknowwhichtheoriesorfindingsareimportant,whichareinconclusiveandwhattheshortcomingsare.Themainproblemwiththisliteraturereviewisthatitdoesnotshowhowpreviousresearchrelatestothewritersownresearchproblem,ortherelationshipbetweendifferentresearchalreadycarriedout.Giventheorganisationthewriterhasused,thisliteraturereviewcouldnotbeeffectivebecausethereislittlescopeforshowingrelationships,drawingcomparisonsormakingevaluations.1.Which of the questions does this literature review answer?Thisliteratureoffersasummaryofpreviousresearch,soitdoesanswerthefirstquestion.Itsimplytellsthereaderwhatwasdiscoveredinpreviousresearch.2.Which of them doesnt it answer?Thisliteraturereviewdoesntansweranyofthequestionsfrom2to10.Itdoesntevaluatetheresearchitsummarises,nordoesitshowtherelationshipsbetweenthedifferenttheories,viewsandapproachesitdescribes.3.Which method has the writer used to organise the literature review?Thewriterhasorganisedthisliteraturereviewaroundtheresearchersandhaspresenteditchronologically(arrangingtheworkbywhenitwaspublished).Noticethatbyorganisingitaroundtheresearchers(thesummariesarelistedafterthenamesofthepeoplewhodidtheresearch)andnotaroundtheresearch(aroundkeyconcepts)thewriteremphasisesthepeopleandnottheirwork.Tips for Writing an IntroductionAcademic Writing Course