北京航空航天大学大一大学化学习题参考答案.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,大学化学习题,参考答案,王宁,第一章 热化学,一、判断题（正确的画“”，错误的画“,”,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,二、选择题（填写正确答案）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,CD,B,A,D,D,D,D,BC,A,D,C,B,B,C,A,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,B,C,C,A,D,D,B,B,A,B,B,B,D,B,A,少选得分,多选无分,三、计算题,1,、解,:C,6,H,6,(l)+15/2O,2,(g)=6CO,2,(g)+3H,2,O(l),C,v(H2O),=4.18J/(g.k)C,总,=1230J.K,-1,依题意知道反应前后温差,T=23.43-21.30=2.13(K),0.500g,苯燃烧释放的热量,q,1,=C,v(H,2,O),.m,(H,2,O),+C,总,T,=4.182050+1230,2.13,=20871.87(J)=20.87(KJ),已知,M,(C,6,H,6,),=78g/mol,0.500g C,6,H,6,燃烧时，,q,v,=q,1,=20871.87,=3.256 10,3,(KJ),2、,解：,C,2,H,2,(g),+5/2O,2,(g)2CO,2,(g),+H,2,O(l),f,H,m,(KJ.mol,-1,)226.73 0 -393.509 -285.83,r,H,m,=,B,f,H,m,=(-285.83)+(-393.509),2-226.73=-1299.578(KJ.mol,-1,),B,C,2,H,4,(g),+3O,2,(g),2CO,2,(g),+2H,2,O,(l),f,H,m,(KJ.mol,-1,)52.26 0 -393.509 -285.83,r,H,m,=,B,f,H,m,=(-393.509)2+(-285.83)2-52.26,B,=-1410.938,(KJ.mol,-1,),负号,放热:,乙烯,r,H,m,乙炔,r,H,m,所以同物质的量的乙炔和乙烯充分燃烧生成液态水时,乙烯放出的热量多,。,第二章 化学反应的基本原理,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,一、判断题（正确的画“”，错误的画“,”,）,二、选择题（填写正确答案,A,、,B,或,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,C,A,C,A,B,D,D,B,B,D,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,B,C,A,C,B,A,D,A,BC,A,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,A,A,AC,BC,B,D,A,A,B,B,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,D,D,A,B,A,B,A,A,D,B,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,B,C,B,D,B,D,B,A,C,A,1,、解,:,设平衡时,SO,3,的物质的量为,x mol,起始时物质的量,/mol,平衡时物质的量,/mol,8.0,8.0-x,4.0-x/2,x,4.0,0,在恒温恒容条件下，系统总压与系统的总物质的量成正比。故,三、计算题,根据分压定律，各气体平衡时的分压分别为,2、解：SiO,2,(s)+2C(石墨)=Si(s)+2CO,(1)(298.15k)-910.94 0 0 -110.525,(KJ),(298.15k)41.84 5.740 18.83 197.674,(KJ),r,G,m,=,r,H,m,-T,r,S,m,r,H,m,=2(-110.525)+0-0-(-910.94)=689.89(KJ),r,S,m,=2197.674+18.83-25.740-41.84 0.361(KJ/mol.k),r,G,m,=689.89-298.150.361=,582.258(KJ/mol)0,不能自发进行。,(2)自发反应时,r,G,m,0 T,得T1911.80K,(3),r,G,m,(T),=,H,m,(298.15k)-TS,m,(298.15k),=-39.57,K,=6.5,10,-18,第三章 水化学,一、判断题（正确的画“”，错误的画“,”,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,二、选择题（填写正确答案,A,、,B,或,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,A,C,B,A,A,B,C,A,B,B,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,B,C,C,A,B,C,B,A,A,C,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,B,B,C,AD,C,B,B,C,D,D,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,C,A,C,D,D,B,D,D,D,BC,41,42,43,44,45,46,A,CD,AD,B,BC,A,三、填空题,1,、,0.2mol/L 1.9,10,-3,mol/L,中 碱,2,、,HCl,H,2,S AC,-,NO,2-,CO,3,2-,H,2,PO,4,H,2,O,HS,-,3,、,4 =10,4,、,(1),基本不变,(2),减小,(3),减小,(4),降低,1.HCl,是强酸，在水溶液中完全电离,故,H,+,浓度等于酸的,浓度,;,HAc,是弱酸,其溶于水时只能部分电离,解离常数,K,a,=1.7610,-5,把等量的,NaOH,加入,HCl,时,强酸、强碱刚好中和呈中性,;,把等量的,NaOH,加入,HAc,时,反应生成强碱弱酸盐,该盐电离成碱性,.,2.,酸碱质子理论认为,:,凡能给出质子的物质都是酸,;,凡能,与质子结合的物质都是碱,.,填空题,3.,氢离子增加到原来的,10,倍,pH+pOH,=14,pOH,=10,4.(1),盐酸是强酸,加入,NH,4,Cl,后基本不影响溶液的,pH,值,;,(2),氨水溶液呈弱碱性,电离出,NH,4,+,加入,NH,4,Cl,后因加,入的,NH,4,+,产生同离子效应,故,NH,3,的解离度降低,;,(3),在纯水中加入,NH,4,Cl,后,形成强酸弱碱盐溶液,pH,值,减小,;,(4)PbCl,2,溶解性较差,加入的,Cl,-,产生同离子效应,使得,PbCl,2,溶解度降低,.,第四章 电化学,一、判断题（正确的画“”，错误的画“,”,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,二、选择题（填写正确答案,A,、,B,或,）,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,D,C,C,D,C,C,A,D,B,B,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,A,D,C,C,C,D,C,A,C,C,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,D,B,C,D,B,C,C,ABC,A,C,三、原电池图示练习,1.,2.,四、填空,1,、,A,、,0.235 B,、,-45.3 C,、,8.810,7,D,、,1.0710,-4,2,、,3.810,-5,3,、,0.104,4,、,0.57 5,、,1.66,6,、,(1)1.210,-2,(2)-0.28 (3)4.7,(4)2.010,-5,(5)2.0 10,-5,(6)-104,(7)0 (8)6.210,25,填空题,1.A.,判断铁为正极,;,B.,C.,D.,2.,3.,4.,5.,6.(1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(8),(6),(7),