LibertyBell.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Liberty Bell,何文明,070810087,The,Liberty Bell,in,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,is one of the most prominent symbols of the,American Revolutionary War,.It is a familiar symbol of independence within the United States and has been described as an icon of liberty and justice.,Background,According to tradition,its most famous ringing occurred on,July 8,1776,to summon citizens of Philadelphia for the reading of the,Declaration of Independence,.Historians today consider this highly doubtful,as the steeple in which the,bell,was hung had deteriorated significantly by that time.The bell had also been rung to announce the opening of the,First Continental Congress,in 1774 and after the,Battle of Lexington and Concord,in 1775.,The Liberty Bell was known as the Independence Bell or the Old Yankees Bell until 1837,when it was adopted by the,American Anti-Slavery Society,as a symbol of the,abolitionist,movement.,Ordering and first crack,The bell was ordered in 1751 by the,Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly,for use in the Pennsylvania State House(now known as,Independence Hall,)in Philadelphia.It was cast by the,Whitechapel Bell Foundry,in,London,and delivered to Philadelphia in late August/early September 1752 via the ship,Hibernia,.It cost 100,weighed 2,080 lbs(,英镑,),is twelve feet in the lip circumference(,圆周长,),and three feet from the lip to the top.The following March,the bell was hung from temporary,scaffolding,(,脚手架,),in the square outside the State House.To the dismay of onlookers,the bell cracked during testing.Isaac Norris,speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly,wrote,“I had the mortification(,屈辱,)to hear that it was cracked by a stroke of the clapper(,钟锤,)without any other violence as it was hung up to try the sound.,Recasting and hanging,While a replacement from Whitechapel was ordered,the bell was recast by John Dock Pass and John Stow of Philadelphia,whose surnames appear inscribed on the bell.Pass and Stow added copper to the composition of the alloy used to cast the bell,and the tone of the bell proved unsatisfactory.The two recast the bell yet again,restoring the correct balance of metal,and this third bell was hung in the steeple of the State House in June 1753.,Detail of the yoke,During the 19th century,the bell tolled at the death of,Alexander Hamilton,(1804),Lafayettes return to Philadelphia,(1824),the deaths of,Adams,and,Jefferson,(1826),Washingtons,100th birthday celebration(1832)and the deaths of Lafayette(1834),John Marshall,(1835)and,William Henry Harrison,(1841).,In 1839,William Lloyd Garrisons,anti-slavery,publication,The Liberator,reprinted a Boston abolitionist pamphlet containing a poem about the Bell,entitled,The Liberty Bell,which represents the first known usage(in print)of the name,Liberty Bell.,It is not certain when the second crack began(the first after the recastings),though it has been long believed to have been at the death of,John Marshall,in 1835.This has been rhetorically linked with the overriding of the judges support for the rights of the,Cherokee,.,The bell was repaired in February 1846.The method of repair,known as stop drilling,required drilling along the hairline crack so that the sides of the fracture would not reverberate(,回响,).,On,February 22,1846,the bell was tolled for several hours in the tower of,Independence Hall,in honor of,George Washington,s birthday.When the bell was rung,the crack grew from the top of the repaired crack to the crown of the bell,rendering the bell unusable.Contrary to appearances,the large crevice(,裂缝,)that currently exists in the Liberty Bell is a repair from the expansions,and not the crack itself.,In 1852,the bell was removed from its steeple,and put on display in the“Declaration Chamber”of Independence Hall.In the meantime,a“Centennial Bell”replica(,副本,)was given as a gift to Philadelphia in 1876.The bell was cast by Meneely&Kimberly,a Troy,New York,bell foundry in June 1876.A third bell hangs in a modern tower nearby.Cast at the same,British foundry,as the original,this replica,called the Bicentennial Bell,was given to the people of the United States by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain during a visit to Philadelphia in 1976.,From 1885 to 1915,the Liberty Bell traveled to numerous cities and was displayed at expositions and,worlds fairs,.,Replicas,The Liberty Bell depicted on the,Franklin half dollar,.,One replica of the Liberty Bell is the,Illinois Freedom Bell,which was cast in the early 1860s,and is located in,Mount Morris,Illinois,.,As part of the Liberty Bell Savings Bonds drive in 1950,replicas(though not,exact,replicas:the crack is painted on)were ordered by the United States Department of the Treasury and were cast in,France,.The purpose of the bells was to be transported around each state to drum up support for the purchase of savings bonds.After the bond drive was completed,the replicas were given to each state,as well as Alaska and Hawaii(which were not yet states),Washington D.C.,Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.Many of the bells today are in the state capitols.,A replica of the Liberty Bell can be found in the Botanical Gardens of the,Bellagio,resort in,Las Vegas,.,Outside of the United States,replicas of the Liberty Bell can be found in,Belgium,Germany,Israel,and,Japan,.,The,Liberty Bell,in,Berlin,was inspired by the American Liberty Bell,although it is not a replica,but a distinct bell.It was given as a gift from Americans to the city of Berlin,as a symbol of the fight against,communism,in,Europe,in 1950.,Similarly an imitation of the Liberty Bell was gifted to the people of the new country of,Czechoslovakia,in 1919 by the people of the United States of America(mainly emigres from the territory of,Austria-Hungary,that became,Czechoslovakia,).The bell remained unused for a long period but since 1980 it has been located in the north bell tower of the,Kostel svatho Antonna z Padovy(Holeovice),St.Antonins church in,Prague,.,