供应链管理现况趋势与教育知识讲义.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,09 十一月 2026,供应链管理现况趋势与教育知识讲义,演講大綱,何謂供應鏈管理,供應鏈管理與消費者,汰舊換新、多樣化、客製化,便捷、新鮮、安全,供應鏈管理與企業,行銷,經濟效益、缺貨、長鞭效益,供應鏈管理與物流企業,整合服務,供應鏈管理安全與環境,供應鏈管理教育,教學目標與課程,傳統社會,國富論(,The Wealth of Nations,),蘇格蘭經濟學家、亞當史密斯的一本經濟學專著,致力於滿足市場廣大的需要,提倡分工論,金字塔型的分工,連續性的大量生產，達到規模經濟,當今社會,消費者,企業,品質是產品條件,品質是競爭力,差異化,大量客製化,汰舊換新,不斷快速推出新產品,國際化產品,全球性的廣告與通路,最低價格,最有經濟效率,長期保固,零件長期快速供應,便捷性,實體廣大的佈點 或 資訊便捷性,新鮮產品,保持新鮮的產銷,安全,產品,安全監控,全球環境,已開發國家生產過剩,外銷給開發中或未開發國家。,供應鏈,核心產品與周邊活動委外之結合為獲利策略。,洲際內經貿增加,經貿協定以提昇與保護經貿活動。,資訊科技的進步,增進全球性相同的消費型態。,全球金融與運輸解除管制,簡易貨幣流通，提昇運輸效率降低運輸成本。,資料來源：Bowersox and Closs(1996),物流管理,物流,(,logistics,)是透過資訊科技，對物料由最始原料一直到配送成品至最終消費者整體過程中所牽涉的,原料、半成品、成品的流通與儲存,，以最有效益的計畫、執行與控制，來滿足並符合消費者的需求。,Logistics Management is that part of the Supply Chain Management that plans,implements,and controls the efficient,effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods,services,and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements.,-US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals,(US Council of Logistics Management,美國物流學會),供應鏈管理,Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement,conversion,and all Logistics Management activities.Importantly,it also includes,coordination,and,collaboration,with channel partners,which can be suppliers,intermediaries,third-party service providers,and customers.In essence,Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management,within,and,across,companies.,-US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals,供應鏈管理內涵,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,Traditional phase,price,Stress phase,Acceptance of short-notice requirements,Resolved phase,JIT principles,Partnership phase,Long-term perspective,exchange operating and financial information,share risks and joint investment in facilities,-Schary and Skjott-Larsen 1995,供應鏈與新產品快速推出,Cluster production,Set up production units close to the customers assembly plant,A first-tier supplier to an assembler in one country must be able to supply the assembler in other parts of the world,Involved in development of new models in the earliest stage,Expected to be a technology leader,developing new technologies independently,-Schary and Skjott-Larsen 1995,供應鏈與客製化,FedEx Case Study,Customer,Internet,FedExNet,Order Management,System,Call Center,Supplier,Component A,Supplier,Component B,Component C,FedEx EDC/Alliance,Manufacturing,Facility,Build or configure Orders,Express Delivery of Finished Product,Web,Orders,Phone,Orders,Order,Confirmation,Advanced Shipping Notice,Build/Configure-to-Order,製程,延遲,策略,冒險策略(Speculation,anticipatory-based),由預測來決定生產種類和數量，與延滯策略相反。由生產的規模經濟，減少行銷,、,存貨出清，以及生產的不確定性，降低成本,。,延遲,策略(Postponement,response-based),目的：Mass customization,deliver rapidly and reduce cost,產品製程的延遲,(manufacturing),不必要製程成品，保持原料型態，維持改變彈性與避免成品過時。亦稱為拉式生產。,產品物流的延遲,(logistics),不必要在下游，倉儲於上游供應鍊結構，避免成品需求變動再移轉成本,。,製程,延遲,策略,Includes product redesign and process redesign,Product redesign,Standardize across all markets,Process redesign,Includes re-sequencing the sub-processes,Dye,cut and sew,vs cut,sew and dye,製程,延遲,策略,Three design principles,Design so it consists of,independent modules,that can be assembled into different forms of the product easily and inexpensively,Manufacturing processes consist of can be moved or rearranged easily for different distribution-network design,Supply network should,supply the basic product to the facilities in a cost effective,be flexible and responsive to take and deliver customers orders,HP,個案,LaserJet printer,For Europe and North America markets,Differentiate product with built-in dedicated power supply of 110 and 220 volts as soon as production began in Japan,Standardize power supply for entire product family,Higher material cost,but lower total costs of manufacturing,stocking and delivery by 5%,HP,個案,DeskJet printer,Built in Singapore and distributed in Stuttgart,Germany for Europe market,Country-specific external power supply that plugs in when setting up the printer,Differentiation was performed in Stuttgart,Higher manufacturing for factories to customize the printers,but lower total costs of manufacturing,shipping and inventory dropped by 5%,供應鏈與便捷性,電子商務與宅配,大榮個案,供應鏈與新鮮,台灣地區冷凍冷藏產業,每年約有300億元的冷凍冷藏產業規模,低溫物流,保持新鮮食品及冷凍食品品質,從生產到消費過程均處於低溫狀態,低溫控制技術加工製造，低溫監控下儲存，運輸配送和銷售,仰賴合乎放置低溫食品低溫標準冷凍冷藏設備,運送過程保持適當溫度，確保食品安全及品質,供應鏈與新鮮,供應鏈與新鮮,食品分類,保存溫度,相關產品,簡分,鮮食品,18,o,C,三明治、便當、飯糰、涼麵,鮮食,冷藏食品,0+7,o,C,生鮮蔬菜、果汁、乳飲料。日常食品(豆腐)、加工肉品(香腸)、鮮花等,冷藏,冰溫食品,-2+2,o,C,畜肉品(牛豬羊肉)、禽肉品(雞鴨肉)、水產品(魚貝)、刨冰等,冷凍食品,冰品,-18,o,C以下,冷凍疏果、冷凍肉類、冷凍調理食品(水餃、包子)、冰淇淋等,冷凍,超低溫食品,-30,o,C以下,生魚片,供應鏈與新鮮,類型,商品類別,溫度,應用案例,儲存物品,冷藏型,物流中心,冷藏品,0+7,o,C,綜合食品業,低溫流通業,肉食品加工,牛乳、果汁、日常食品(豆腐、乳製品)、加工肉品(香腸、火腿)、保存生鮮蔬果、沙拉、甜點,等,冷凍型,物流中心,冷凍品及冰品,-18,o,C,以下,綜合食品業,低溫流通業,肉食品加工,冰品、冷凍調理食品(水餃、包子、比薩、調理飯(麵)、熱狗、關東煮,等,鮮食型,物流中心,鮮食品,恆溫18,o,C,綜合食品業,CVS便利店,便當、涼麵、飯團,等,供應鏈與安全,Pfizer Inc.,Maker of prescription drugs as Lipitor and Zoloft,Strategies,It ships every package,case and pallet of its,Viagra,with RFID tags to counterfeit its product Since Jan 2006.,Procurement purchases raw materials,drug substances,and the hiring of freight transportation.,Distribution/logistics coordinates the movement of products between global sites,Supply chain planning works closely with the sales/marketing,Long-range planning uses mathematical optimization technology to create the best O-D routes,Order entry systems interface with a fulfillment management system to monitor flow and inventory with 50 global manufacturing sites/DCs with a replenishment model,供應鏈與行銷,Korean Hyundai,Status,Hyundai started offering a 10-year warranty on its cars in US,Goal,Distribution network set up to get the parts delivered quickly to keep,customers,and as efficiently to keep the,dealers,happy.,Strategies,The dedicated carrier are priced on a,per-shipment,delivered cost and,overnight deliveries,to dealerships.,Information visibility,Imports from Korea using a 3PL to track all inbound shipments,Milestone is checked and updated,shipments to the ports,vessel sail and arrival dates,into and release by customs,origin and destination rail head,delivery to DC and putaway.,Hyundai has been able to reduce inventory by two weeks,供應鏈與缺貨,Procter and Gamble,Status,Out-of-stock rate around 10%.,Goal,Addressing product availability,shelf quality,and on-time delivery.,to reduce inventory by 50%,trim out-of-stocks by 50%and achieve 20%savings in logistics costs.,Strategies,Consumer-driven supply network,of suppliers,manufacturers and retailers that facilitates real-time information.,Replenishing products as soon as theyre purchased received by point-of-sale data,Collaborates closely with retail partners on in-store promotions and events.,20%of product categories(with more than 10%out-of-stocks)were dropped to below 5%of products.,Saves$25 million/year by eliminating unnecessary transcription work and out-of-stocks,供應鏈與長鞭效應,長鞭效應,(bullwhip or whiplash),產品需求預測，來自於零售商對顧客需求的預測，進而向製造商下訂單，而製造商向供應商下訂單也是依照零售商的預測。如果最底層的顧客需求發生變動，則層層牽動，影響會愈來愈加大,供應鏈與長鞭效應,Causes,Remedial strategies,Forecast demand updating,依預測採購,1.Access to market demand information(use of point of sale(POS)data),2.Information sharing across supply chain links(use of EDI),3.Vendor managed inventory(VMI),4.Lead time reduction and JIT supply,Order batching,經濟規模訂貨與運輸,1.Reduction of processing costs(Computer Assisted Ordering(CAO),2.New ways of achieving economies of scale in transportation/distribution(3rd-party),供應鏈與長鞭效應,Price fluctuation,促銷折扣,1.Reduce frequency and magnitude of special trade deals and consumer promotions(Everyday Low Price-EDLP),2.Continuous Replenishment Programs(CRP),Rationing and shortage gaming,訂貨按銷售比例分配,1.Better product allocation policies in short supply periods(allocation based on past sales),2.Penalties on order cancellations,Vendor Managed Inventory,Vendor Managed Inventory(VMI),Coordinated management of finished goods inventories,Goods inventories outbound from manufacturer,distributor or reseller to a retailer or other merchandiser,Replenishing finished goods on a reorder point basis,Products on grocery store shelves:Frito-Lay&other snack food,candy or beverage vendors,VMI vendors mission,Generate purchase orders on as-needed basis,Replenishing supplies based on an established inventory plan,Ensuring high in-stock performance with minimal inventory,Vendor Managed Inventory,VMI,-Case Study,Vendor,Importer&marketer of hygiene products,Customer,Capitan of the retail chains:The wholesaler,Main operational problems in the chain,Vendor,Long lead time in sourcing from international producers,High variability of order volume,Wholesaler,High stocks,Periodically poor service for the vendors products,VMI,-Case Study,Reasons and results,Partly result from demand distortion,Supply chain is not synchronized to consumer demand,Wholesaler feels buffer needs to keep service level,Benefits of implementing VMI,Closer cooperation&increased delivery frequency,Reduced stock cover at the wholesaler,Total stock cover down from 10 to 6 days,Service level remain stable,全球運籌,風險管理,Source,Environment、Supply、Demand、Process、Control,經營策略,Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),Supply chain risk management,I.J.of Logistics Management,16(1):120-141.,全球運籌,風險管理,實際運作,Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),Supply chain risk management,I.J.of Logistics Management,16(1):120-141.,全球運籌,風險管理,規劃,Source:Juttner,Uta(2005),Supply chain risk management,I.J.of Logistics Management,16(1):120-141.,Global Logistics Security,Each trade transaction can involve up to 25 different parties.,A typical cross-border transaction might involve filing 35 documents,communicating with 25 parties and complying with more than 600 laws and 500 trade agreements(Cassidy,2003).,Security Initiatives,Source:Sheu and Lee(2006),A voluntary logistics security program,Supply Chain Management,11(4):363-374.,Memorandum of Understanding,Customs,Security Profile,Within 60 days,Reviews&makes certification decisions,Within 60 days,Once certified,company becomes a C-TPAT Participant.,For C-TPAT validation,30day notice is given,Necessary document must be submitted,Within 30 days,Partnership Validation Team,Customs,Customs,Customs,Certification,Validation,Within 3 years of certification,10days,14,The Impacts,The C-TPAT certification resembles the ISO9000 certification program.,Both programs are a generic security or quality assurance system instead of a security or quality performance standard.,C-TPAT requires that the US companies develop a more detailed understanding of foreign suppliers to monitor their shipments.,The practice of sourcing from foreign suppliers,while economically sound,now challenges companies to collaborate with suppliers to improve security.,供應鏈管理與環境,Sheu,J.B.,Chou,Y.H.and Hu,C.C.(2005),台灣筆記型電腦,供應鏈管理與環境,汽車產業,伍中流，民國91年,目前處理廠家數已足夠,廢車拆解後，經由破碎廠處理再進入煉鋼廠，有助於降低整體營運成本,供應鏈與環境,由消費者、產業到都市、社會,第三方專業物流公司,“A relationship between a shipper and third party which,has more,customized,offerings,encompasses a,broader,number of service functions and is characterized by a,longer-term,more mutually beneficial relationship.”,-Africk and Calkins,1994,-P.Murphy and R.Point,2000,專業物流業服務內容,專業物流業發展趨勢,standardization,homogenization,tailoring,adaptation,multi-domestic,G,lobal Strategy,Global/Glolocal,併購或聯盟,投資,聯盟、合作、,建立全球網路,強調規模經濟,強調產品客製化,Logistics Responsibilities(2008),Activity,%of time,%managed globally,Forecasting,7.3,53.5,Procurement,10,61.4,Manufacturing logistics,7.8,41.9,Customer service,8.8,37.2,Transportation,20.1,54.7,Warehousing,13.7,32.6,Global,8.8,67.6,Inventory management,9.8,47.6,General management,13.7,49.4,La Londe and Ginter(2008),Career patterns in logistics,Factors will influence SC development,Weighted 1,st,2,nd,and 3,rd,choices with 3,2,and 1 points,La Londe and Ginter(2008),Career patterns in logistics,Factors,Weighted average,Global supply chains,1.45,Energy availability and cost,1.29,Supply chain integration/information leverage,0.84,Role in firms financial performance,0.81,Information technology,0.73,Managing transportation costs,0.71,Curriculum for 90 day course,Factors,Weighted average,Strategic management and planning/forecasting,1.15,Global logistics,1.07,Financial management/accounting,1.02,Lean logistics,0.95,Supply chain management,0.74,IT applications/integration,0.63,Weighted 1,st,2,nd,and 3,rd,choices with 3,2,and 1 points,La Londe and Ginter(2008),Career patterns in logistics,US Logistics Program Ranking,1,Massachusetts Institute of Technology(Sloan)Cambridge,MA,2,Michigan State University(Broad)East Lansing,MI,3,Arizona State University(Carey)Tempe,AZ,4,Carnegie Mellon University(Tepper)Pittsburgh,PA,5,Pennsylvania State University-University Park(Smeal)University Park,PA,6,University of Pennsylvania(Wharton)Philadelphia,PA,7,Ohio State University(Fisher)Columbus,OH,8,Purdue University-West Lafayette(Krannert)West Lafayette,IN,9,Stanford University Stanford,CA,10,University of Tennessee-Knoxville Knoxville,TN,Learning Goals,Michigan State University,To build their functional,entrepreneurial,analytical,learning,and persuasive capabilities to maximize their flexibility and impact in a dynamically changing global competitive environment.,Arizona State University,The integration of chains,e-business and globalization permeate each course.This program trains managers who are strategic thinkers,excellent analysts,effective communicators/team leaders,computer competent,and who are focused on cost savings,increasing revenue,and increasing shareholder value.,Learning Goals,Pennsylvania State University,To accommodate organizational and supply chain goals for profitability,asset utilization,customer service,and systems flexibility.Focus on:,Evaluating key enablers of supply chain network integration,synchronization,and collaboration to achieve process innovation and effectiveness.,Leveraging e-based processes and technologies for improving supply chain performance.,Evaluating global network designs.,Learning Goals,Ohio State University,To learn how the total flow of goods,services and information within and between firms can be managed effectively and efficiently.,To teach students general management and technical skills in areas such as quality,operations planning and control systems,and operations strategy.,