高考英语二轮复习-第三部分-写作训练篇-专题5-短文改错-第1讲-词法类错误.ppt

写作训练篇,专题五短文改错,第三部分,第一讲词法类错误,1,技能突破,2,复习练案,技 能 突 破,考点,1,动词时态和语态误用,1,(2017,全国,)Before getting into the car,，,I thought I had learned the instructors orders,，,but once I started the car,，,my mind goes blank.,解题思路,找出句中出现的动词,thought,，,had learned started,，,goes,确定其时态,根据谓语动词时态,判定使用一般过去时,尝试解答：,_,goeswent,2,(2017,衡水二模,)There was a serious train accident near the,border.Two,people killed and twelve were injured.,解题思路,确定句意：在边境地区发生了一场严重的火车事故。,2,人丧生，,12,人受伤,确定句子的谓语动词,(killed,，,were),分析谓语动词与句子主语之间的关系,第二句中,Two people,为主语，与谓语动词,killed,之间构成被动关系,确定采用被动语态，并注意时态的运用,尝试解答：,_,killed,前加,were,1,查时态是否一致,动词时态的分析主要从两个角度入手：动作与时间。在解题过程中，要着重分析动作是,“,正在进行、完成或经常性,”,，时间是,“,现在、过去或将来,”,，由此确定时态。短文改错的首句或相关句也往往起提示作用，且特别注意一些不规则动词的形式：,burn(burnt,),，,learn(learnt,/learned),，,build(built),，,pay(paid,),，,feel(felt,),，,catch(caught,),，,hold(held),，,shoot(shot,),，,eat(ate),，,ride(rode),，,ring(rang,),，,sing(sang,),，,sink(sank),等。,2,查语态是否正确,动词的语态主要分析句子主语与谓语动词之间的关系，且特别注意有关语态的一些特殊现象，如,be worth doing(,无被动形式,),，不定式主动形式表被动含义，,need,/want/,require doing(,to be done),。,(2015,全国卷,)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.,_,解析：,分析句子结构可知，,and,作为连词连接两个动词,saw,与,tell,。连词是连接相同成分和结构形式的，前面,saw,采用过去时形式，后面也应该采用相同形式。,(2017,全国卷,)When I look at this picture of myself,，,I realize how fast time,flies.I,had grown not only physically,，,but also mentally in the past few years.,_,解析：,根据语境和句中时间状语,in the past few years,可知，这里应用现在完成时。,tellingtold,hadhave,(2017,全国卷,)When summer came,，,they will invite their students to pick the fresh vegetables!,_,解析：,句意：夏季到来的候，他们将邀请他们的学生去采摘新鲜的蔬菜。在时间或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示将来的动作；常用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。根据句意可知，这里应该用一般现在时。,(2015,全国卷,)We must found ways to protect your environment.,_,解析：,情态动词,must,后使用动词原形。,camecomes,foundfind,考点,2,非谓语动词形式误用,1,(2017,全国卷,)When summer comes,，,they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!,解题思路,分析句子结构,invite,是谓语动词，,pick,应是非谓语动词,根据,invite,，后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语,此处漏不定式符号,to,尝试解答：,_,pick,前加,to,2,(2016,全国卷,)I showed them l was independent by wear strange clothes.,解题思路,分析句子结构,知晓句意：我通过穿怪异的衣服展示给他们我是独立的,确定,by,为介词,“,by,n,./,v,.,ing,”,构成介宾结构,wear,为动词,确定用,v,.,ing,形式,尝试解答：,_,wearwearing,1,辨别谓语与非谓语动词。,句中已有谓语动词，若再出现动词，又没有连词，就应注意考虑非谓语动词形式。再根据其在句中所作成分以及逻辑关系，来判断其形式是否正确。,2,作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，要改为动名词形式。,牢记只能接动名词作宾语的动词。,3,掌握介宾标志。,介词后面一般需要跟名词或动名词，高考短文改错对介词的判定以及动名词的使用问题则是,“,常客,”,。以下短语中,to,为介词：,be,/get/,become used to(,习惯于,),，,be addicted to,，,devote.to.,，,be engaged to,，,pay attention to,，,look forward to,，,stick to,，,when it comes to.,等。,4,注意动词不定式符号,to,的多余或缺失。,牢记动词不定式的基本用法和习惯搭配，分清不定式与其他非谓语动词形式的区别。,5,分清现在分词与过去分词的区别。,根据非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间的关系来确定用现在分词还是过去分词。,(2014,辽宁高考,)It is difficult to understanding why she barks every minute shes outside.,_,解析：,分析句子结构并判定此句中,it,作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语，句中,to,为动词不定式符号，后面需要跟原形。,(2015,浙江高考,)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.,_,解析：,本句谓语动词为,enjoyed,，,and,连接两个动词,sit,和,look at,，,enjoy,后需跟,v,.-ing,形式，构成,enjoy doing,短语。,understandingunderstand,sitsitting,(2015,陕西高考,)My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!,_,解析：,分析句子结构，并确定本句谓语动词为,is,，除并列谓语动词结构外，一个句子中只能存在一个谓语动词，故,enjoy,应用非谓语动词形式，,enjoy,的逻辑主语为,my coach and me,，其与,my coach and me,之间为主动关系，故用,v,.-ing,形式。,(2015,四川高考,)Weve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.,_,解析：,考查短语,spend time doing,sth,.,，意为,“,花费时间做某事,”,。,enjoyenjoying,singsinging,考点,3,形容词和副词误用,(2016,全国卷,)At one time,，,I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.,解题思路,分析句子结构,确定句意：我曾经甚至感到我的父母不能理解我，所以我希望我能够摆脱他们。,be,为系动词,其后需跟形容词作表语,构成系表结构,be free from.,尝试解答：,_,freelyfree,1.,明确形容词、副词的句法功能,形容词用来修饰名词，或者放在系动词后面构成系表结构或者用在宾语后作宾语补足语；副词用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子作状语。,2.,掌握形容词、副词的级,表示同级比较时，用,as.,as,原级形式；表示两者之间的比较,(,标志词,than),用比较级；表示三者或以上的比较用最高级。需要特别注意必须避免比较级的重复使用问题。例如：,She is more taller than I,本句中,taller,本身即是比较级形式，故应该删去,more,或者改为,much,。,3,牢记同源副词的用法,在同源副词中，一种副词与其形容词同形，另一种副词是在形容词后加,-,ly,。和形容词同形的副词往往表示具体含义，加,-,ly,的副词多表示抽象意义，有时候甚至完全不同。例如：,close,“,接近地,”,；,closely,“,紧密地；亲近地；严密地,”,。,(2014,全国卷,)The teachers here arc kind and helpfully.,_,解析：,考查系表结构。句中,are,是系动词，其后需要跟形容词作表语。,helpfully,为副词。,(2015,全国卷,)Dad and I were terrible worried.,_,解析：,worried,为形容词，修饰形容词的是副词，故应用形容词,terrible,的副词形式,terribly,。,helpfullyhelpful,terribleterribly,(2017,全国卷,)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.,_,解析：,修饰名词,stop,应用形容词。注意与固定搭配,come to a stop,“,停下,”,类似的还有,come to an end,“,结束,”,；,come to a conclusion,“,得出结论，结束,”,。,(2016,韶山一模,)Racing is most interesting sport Ive ever known.,_,解析：,在,most,前加定冠词,the,。句意：赛跑是我所知道的最有趣的运动了。本句采用最高级形式，,most,前应加定冠词,the,形容词的最高级中,the,不能省略；副词的可以省略。,shddenlysudden,most,前加,the,(2014,浙江高考,)I had noticed that the carriage was noise and filled with people.,_,解析：,句中,was,为系动词，其后需要跟形容词作表语。,noise,“,噪音,”,，其形容词形式为,noisy,。,noisenoisy,考点,4,名词和冠词误用,1,(2016,全国卷,)If we go on a trip abroad,，,we can broaden our view and gain,knowledges,we cannot get from books.,解题思路,分析句子,确定句意：如果我们去国外旅行，我们能够拓宽我们的视野和获得我们从书本上得不到的知识。,knowledge,为不可数名词,无复数形式,尝试解答：,_,knowledegesknowledge,2,(2017,全国卷,)They live far from the school,，,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.,解题思路,hour,为名词,h,不发音，其发音首字母为元音音素,确定用不定冠词,an,尝试解答：,_,aan,1,区别可数名词与不可数名词,根据名词的修饰词以及谓语动词的形式来判定名词是否可数。同时要特别关注,“,抽象名词具体化,”,这一词法,现象。,surprise,惊讶,a surprise,一件,(,个,),令人惊讶的事,(,消息等,),success,成功,a success,一个,(,件,),成功的人,/,事,danger,危险,a danger,一个,(,件,),危险的人物,/,事,failure,失败,a failure,一件,(,个,),失败的事,/,人,honor,荣誉,an honor,一个,(,件,),引以为荣的人,(,事,),disappointment,失望,a disappointment,一件,(,个,),失望的事,(,人,),shock,震惊,a shock,一件,(,个,),令人震惊的事,(,人,),2.,冠词的运用,(1),以辅音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词,a,；以元音音素开头的单词前面用不定冠词,an,。,(2),常用固定搭配必须牢记。例如：,all of a sudden,，,in a hurry,，,pay a visit to,，,by the way,，,in a word,，,to tell the truth,，,by accident,，,as a result,，,in a way,，,on the whole,，,at present,，,in peace,，,in advance,，,by accident,，,on purpose,，,by chance,，,ahead of time,等。,(2014,全国卷,)As result,，,the plants are growing somewhere.,_,解析：,在,result,前加不定冠词,a,。,as a result,意为,“,结果、所以,”,，为固定搭配。,(2014,浙江高考,)The person who found a ticket smiled with pleasure at his success.,_,解析：,句意：成功找到这张车票的人高兴地笑了。此处应该用定冠词,the,表示特指，指代,“,丢失的那张车票,”,。,result,前加,a,athe,(2014,陕西高考,)That day I didnt learn much about animals,，,insects or trees,，,but I learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!,_,解析：,impressive,意为,“,印象深,刻的,”,，其首字母的发音为元音音素。,(2017,全国卷,)The instructor kept repeating the word,，,“,Speed up,！,”“,Slow down,！,”“,Turn left,！,”,_,解析：,此句中,word,意为,“,话语，言语,”,，为可数名词，指代后文中的,“,Speed up,！,”“,Slow down,！,”“,Turn left,！,”,，故应用复数形式。,word,表示,“,消息；诺言,”,时，无复数形式。,aan,wordwords,考点,5,介词误用,1,(2014,全国卷,)Nearly five years ago,，,and with the help by our father,，,my sister and I planted some cherry tomatoes(,圣女果,)in our back garden.,解题思路,明确句意,“,差不多五年前，在父亲的帮助下，我和妹妹在我们的后花园种植了一些圣女果,”,明确句中,with the help by our father,的含义,确定介词短语搭配,with the help of,sb,.,表示,“,在某人的帮助下,”,尝试解答：,_,byof,2,(2016,四川高考,)Dad cleaned the house,，,and then went on shopping.,解题思路,分析句子,确定句意：父亲打扫完房间，然后去购物。,确定,go on,意为,“,继续,”,与表达句意不符合,尝试解答：,_,去掉,on,“,三看,”,选介词,1,看介词的意义是否通顺,多注意介词用法的积累，如表示,“,具体某一天、某一天的上下午或晚上,”,用介词,on,；表示,“,几点钟,”,用介词,at,；表示,“,月份或者年,”,用介词,in,。,2,看介词的搭配是否符合习惯,常考介词搭配，如,at night,，,be good at,，,do well in,，,devote.to.,，,set out for,，,leave for,，,insist on,，,search for,，,be famous for,，,at the age of,，,shoot at,，,with the help of,，,focus ones attention on,，,be buried in,，,get married to,等。,3,看相似介词的区别是否清晰,例如：,between,表示,“,在两者之间,”,，,among,表示,“,在三者或三者以上之间,”,；,besides,表示,“,除了,之外还有,”,，,except,表示,“,除,之外,”,。,(2014,全国卷,)Therefore,，,we have more time with after-school activities.,_,解析：,句意：因此，我们有更,多的时间用于课外活动。,for,此处表示,“,用来,/,用于,”,。,(2014,辽宁高考,)Although weve been delighted to have you as neighbors,，,were hoping to settle something that bothers to us.,_,解析：,bother,意为,“,打扰、烦扰,”,，及物动词，经常用,bother,sb,.,，表示,“,打扰某人,”,。,withfor,bothers,后的,to,去掉,(2014,浙江高考,)Then everyone in the carriage began searching the ticket,，,which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.,_,解析：,search for,意为,“,寻找、搜寻,”,，为固定搭配。,(2014,四川高考,)lf you hear the alarm,，,stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.,_,解析：,wait for,sb,.,意为,“,等待某人,”,，固定搭配。,在,searching,后加,for,在,wait,后加,for,词法错误,“,三要,”,1,对重要词类的功能用法要做到熟练掌握。,高考短文改错在词法类角度主要涉及名词,(,单复数、可数与不可数,),，动词,(,时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词,),，形容词和副词,(,词类误用、原级、比较级和最高级,),，介词和冠词搭配等内容。考生对以上词类的用法、相关语法内容要做到心中有数。,2,要特别关注改正词的拼写。,在改正过程中尤其注意改正词的拼写和选择，如形容词、副词的比较级和最高级形式是否需要双写最后一个字母，是用不定冠词,a,还是,an,，某个名词的复数形式是加,s,还是,es,，某个形容词改为副词时，是去掉最后一个字母再加,ly,还是直接加,ly,等。,3,对出题点要做到心中有数。,解决词法类错误的关键在于熟练掌握相关词类的易考点。考生要熟知短文改错的出题点，对实虚词的考查角度了如指掌。如动词的时态与语态、非谓语动词、形容词与副词的误用、介词搭配等问题几乎是每年高考的,“,必备餐,”,，考生只有熟悉这些出题点，在解答短文改错的过程中牢牢抓住这条,“,思维线,”,，问题就会迎刃而解。,复 习 练 案,