中西方翻译理论汇总.ppt

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and Ethics and Other Essays,）,的译例言里感叹“译事三难，信、达、雅”，此三字真言从此成为中国数代翻译家遵从的翻译标准，同时也开创了中国现当代翻译理论的先河。就翻译理论而言，信达雅中的“雅”字在翻译学术界所引起的争议最大,。,他引用孔子的“言之无文，行之不远”,来阐释“雅”的重要性。,他认为不能用“近世利俗文字”，“理之精者，不能载以粗犷之词，而情之正者，不可达以鄙倍之气”,许渊冲：,“美化之艺术、创优似竞赛”,乌夜啼,林花谢了春红，太匆匆！无奈朝来寒雨晚来风。胭脂泪，留人醉，几时重？自是人生常恨水常东。,TUNE,：“,CROWS CRYING AT NIGHT”,Springs rosy color fades from forest flowers,Too soon,，,too soon.,How can they bear cold morning showers,And winds at noon,？,Your rouged tears like crimson rain,Will keep me drink in woe.,When shall we meet again,？,The stream of life with endless grief will overflow.,辜正坤,：,多元互补论,翻译标准的千年难题,绝对标准,即原作本身，要想绝对忠实，只有一字不译，照搬原作；,最高标准,即抽象标准，可以理论表述为最佳近似度，即译文与原文在各个层面的最佳近似程度；,具体标准,即分类标准，它们,各自具有特定功能而又互相补充,。,绝对标准是最高标准的标准，最高标准又是具体标准的标准。这样一来，一元的绝对标准和最高标准与多元的具体标准之间形成强大的辩证张力，在理论和实践两个方面都成功地解决了翻译标准的千年难题。,TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST,the pre-linguistics period of translation,triad:literal faithful free,Translation Studies(since the second half of the 20,th,century),James S.Holmes(,霍姆斯,),Van Doorslaer(,道斯莱尔,),TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WEST,meaning and equivalence,Eugene A.Nida(,奈达）,shift,Jean-Paul Vinay(,维奈,)&Jean Darbelnet(,达贝尔内,),functional theories of translation,Katharina Reiss(,赖斯,),discourse and register analysis approaches,M.A.K.Halliday,（韩礼德）,Systems theories,Gideon Toury,(,图里,),Cultural and ideological turns,Andre Lefevere(,勒菲弗尔,)&Susan Bassnett(,巴斯奈特,),linguisitc,within the text,cultural,beyond,the text,literary,Marcus Tullius Cicero(,西塞罗）,The Roman rhetorician and politician(10643 BCE),And I did not translate them as an interpreter,but as an orator,keeping the same ideas and forms,or as one might say,the figures of thought,but in language which conforms to our usage.And in so doing,I did not hold it necessary to render word for word,but I preserved the general style and force of the language.,(Cicero 46 BCE/1960 CE:364),St Jerome(,圣哲罗姆）,the most famous of all western translators,(347420 CE),Now I not only admit but freely announce that in translating from the Greek except of course in the case of the Holy Scripture,where even the syntax contains a mystery I render not word-for-word,but sense for sense.(St Jerome 395 CE/1997:25),many modern theoreticians concur that the main problem with the writings on translation in this period was that the criteria for judgements were,vague,and,subjective,and that the judgements themselves were highly,normative,.As a reaction against such vagueness and contradictions,translation theory in the second half of the twentieth century made various attempts to redefine the concepts literal and free in,operational,terms,to describe meaning in,scientific,terms,and to put together,systematic,taxonomies of translation phenomena.,Although it may have dated or needs to be rewritten,the map is still often employed as a point of departure for its potential to incorporate developments in this field.,Translation,lingual mode,(interlingual,intralingual);,media,(printed,audiovisual,electronic);,mode,(covert/overt translation,direct/indirect translation,mother tongue/other tongue translation,pseudo-translation,retranslation,self-translation,sight translation,etc.);,field,(political,journalistic,technical,literary,religious,scientific,commercial).,Translation studies,approaches,(e.g.cultural approach,linguistic approach);,theories,(e.g.general translation theory,polysystem theory);,research methods,(e.g.descriptive,empirical);,applied translation studies,(criticism,didactics,institutional environment).,Nida,The key terms were first discussed by Roman Jakobson in 1959.,Formal equivalence:,Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself,in both form and content.One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.(Nida 1964a:159),Dynamic equivalence:,Dynamic,later functional,equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent effect,where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.(Nida 1964a:159).,For,Nida,the success of the translation depends above all on achieving equivalent effect or response.,Nida(1964a:160)considers that,give one another a hearty handshake all round,quite naturally translates the early,Christian,greet one another with a holy kiss.,Shift,Vinay and Darbelnet,The two general translation strategies identified by,Vinay and Darbelnet,(1995/2004:12837),are,direct translation,and,oblique translation.,oblique translation means shift from SL to TL.,Servitude,refers to obligatory transpositions and modulations due to a difference between the two language systems.Thus,a translator will normally have no choice.,Option,refers to non-obligatory changes that may be due to the translators own style and preferences,or to a change in emphasis.,The choices of the translator intrigue the study of the,translational stylistics,and,the cognitive process of translation,Functional theories of translation,Functional theories from Germany in the 1970smove away from linguistic typologies towards culture.,Reiss,(,赖斯,)stresses equivalence at text level,linking functions to text types and translation strategy.,Snell-Hornby,(,斯内尔,霍恩比）,s integrated approach to text,Holz-Mnttri,(,赫尔兹,曼塔里,)s theory of translatorial action:process involving a series of players.,Vermeer,(,弗米尔,)s skopos theory:translation depends on the purpose of the TT.,Nord,(,诺德）,s translation-oriented text analysis.,Why there should only be three types of language function?,E.g.Nord feels the need to add a fourth,phatic,function covering language that establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication.,Whether text types and genres can be differentiated on the basis of the primary function?,Co-existence of functions within the same ST and the use of the same ST for a variety of purposes are common.,The translation method employed depends on far more than just text type.,The translators own role and purpose,as well as sociocultural pressures,also affect the kind of translation strategy that is adopted.,Since the 1970s,Hallidays systemic functional grammar,has come to be used in translation analysis,which includes:,House,s model for the assessment of translation with Register analysis,Baker,s discourse and pragmatic analysis for practising translators.,Hatim and Masons,adding of pragmatic and discourse levels to Register analysis.,Polysystem theory,by Itamar Even-Zohar in 1970s.,dynamic hierarchy,Primary when:,1),a young literature is being established,2),a literature is peripheral or weak,3),there is a vacuum in the literature of the.,Position and translation strategy,For,Toury,(1995:13),translations occupy,a position,in the social and literary systems of the target culture,and this position determines the,translation strategies,that are employed,：,adequate or acceptable,Shifts,are inevitable,norm-governed and a true universal of translation.These may be,obligatory,(Vinay and Darbelnets servitude),and,non-obligatory,(option),the latter being of greater interest since they reveal the choices made by the translator,汇报结束,谢谢大家,!,请各位批评指正,