第六讲：词义 的引申、褒贬与增补.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第六讲：,词义引申、褒贬与增补,2/5/2026,1,目录,一、词语的引申和褒贬,抽象化引申,2,具体化引申,3,词义的褒贬,二、,词语的增加,1,词义增词,2,结构增词,3,篇章增词,4,知识增词,5,其他增加,Exercises and Assignments,2/5/2026,2,词义引申、褒贬与增补,在翻译时往往遇到这样的情况：有些词按其字面意义来翻译，或不能确切表达原文意思，或译文生硬晦涩，引起误解。因此在翻译中有的词语需要在其所具有的基本词义的基础上加以引申，选择比较恰当的词语来表达；有的则需要增补词语才能使译文流畅。,2/5/2026,3,1,词语的引申,1.1,抽象化引申,英语中有不少比喻形象性的说法，或由于汉语中没有对应的比喻形象，或由于翻译成汉语时难以理解，往往需要通过抽象化，加以引申，用笼统的说法来表达，才能把原意较贴切地翻译出来。,2/5/2026,4,将表示,具体形象,的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词,There is a mixture of the,tiger,and the,ape,in the character of the imperialists.,帝国主义者的性格既,残暴,，又,狡猾,。,2)Every life has its,roses,and,thorns,.,每个人的生活都有,甜,和,苦,。,2/5/2026,5,将带有,特征性形象,的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词,1)In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitlers storm troops,goosestepped,into power in Furth in 1930.,事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三,O,年，希特勒的冲锋队员就,耀武扬威地,夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。,2/5/2026,6,2),See-sawing,between partly good and faintly ominous,the news for the next four weekswas never distinct.,在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，,两种情况不断地交替出现,，一直没有明朗化。,2/5/2026,7,More Examples,1,）,He organs of the Establishment,however well-intentioned they may be,have a vested interest in ensuring that the,public boat is not violently rocked.,各种权利机构，可能是好意，为了自己的既得利益而设法保证社会,不出现激烈的动荡,。,2/5/2026,8,2,）,.which,though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry,do not break through the skin,to where such inquires might really hurt.,写出的文章走不痛不痒的，,不触及到问题的实质,，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。,2/5/2026,9,3,）,For some,，,the expense of an away,from,home college education has become so excessive1y great that many students now attend loca1 schools.,）,Even after graduation,young peop1e find,their wings clipped,by skyrocketing housing costs.,甚至大学毕业后，年青人发现，曲于房租猛涨，他们想搬出去住，但,翅膀硬不起来,。,2/5/2026,10,4,）,In country after country,，,talk of nonsmokers right is,in the air,.,（,Whi1e a majority of countries have taken little or not action yet,，,some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking.,）,不吸烟者的权利问题在一个又一个国家里,议论开了,。,2/5/2026,11,5,）,(,A sizable number of scholars and practitioners of Presidential power still believe that,）,the fau1t lies not,in the office,but in the men who have 1ately he1d it.,问题不在总统的,职位,，而在于近些年来在这个职位上的人。,2/5/2026,12,Conclusion,在翻译中，如碰到某一词组的字面意思和上下文意思不合，有矛盾，应该有所警惕了，应查词典确认，若在考试中，就要根据上下文推测,。,2/5/2026,13,2,具体化引申,英语中有不少抽象的表达，难于翻译成汉语，或翻译出来，译文晦涩费解。这时，如果能具体化一些，也可译得比较通顺。,2/5/2026,14,2.1,英语中也有用代表,抽象概念,或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作,具体化引申,2/5/2026,15,1),As the Politburo gave the,go-ahead,to,Brezhev,Nixon and Kissinger were meeting in thePresidents Kremlin apartment,prepared to accept a setback on SALT,.,在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放,绿灯,时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。,2/5/2026,16,2)Vietnam was his,entree,to the new Administration,his third incarnation as foreign policyconsultant.,越南战争成了他进入新政府的,敲门砖,。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。,2/5/2026,17,2.2,英语中有些词在特定的,上下文,中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须作,具体化的引申,，否则就不够清楚。,2/5/2026,18,1)The car in front of me stalled and I missed,the green,.,我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了,绿灯,。,2)Jewish-owned shops were shut down.,Swastikas,replaced,six-pointed stars,.The walls ofanti-Semitism were closing in.,犹太人的铺子关闭了。,卐字旗,取代了,六角星旗,。反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。,2/5/2026,19,More Examples,1,）,People farther down the line complained less or not at a11,，,even though they had been equally,penalized,by losing a place.,在队伍后边的人则较少或根本不抱怨，尽管他们前边插了一个人也同样,吃亏,了。,2/5/2026,20,2,）,Fifty-four department stores in New York featured Rockefeller headquarters where,literature,was passed out to 1ady shoppers.,纽约有,54,家百货公司起了克洛非勒总部的作用，它们向女顾客散发,宣传品,2/5/2026,21,3,）,.to the visiting politicians he is the provider of free board and lodging and,an introduction and shopping service.,对来访的政界人士来说，他得免费提供食宿，,帮忙引见当地人士，代为采购商品。,2/5/2026,22,4,）,I say this because of the,bleak consensus,，,a1beit only among some in the West,，,about the future.,我之所以这样说，是因为人们对人类前途都是,抱着悲观的态度,，虽然这仅仅是一些西方人士的看法。,2/5/2026,23,5,）,But do you ever tell your laundry manager how pleased you are when,the shirts are done just right?,你的衬衣,洗得干干净净、熨得平平整整,，你可曾跟洗衣店主说过一句表示满意的话？,2/5/2026,24,3,词义的褒贬,语言本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶级服务。为了忠实于,原文的思想内容,，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治,立场和观点,，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。原文中有些词本身就表示,褒贬意义,，就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根据,上下文,恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。,2/5/2026,25,3.1,英语中有些词本身就有,褒贬,意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来,1)He was a man of high,renown,(fame).,他是位有,名望的,人。（褒）,2)His,notoriety,as a rake did not come until his death.,他作为流氓的,恶名,是他死后才传开的。（贬）,2/5/2026,26,3)The tasks carried out by them are,praiseworthy,.,他们进行的事业是,值得赞扬,的。（褒）,4)Henry keeps,boasting,that he has talked to the President.,亨利总是,吹嘘说,他曾同总统谈过话。（贬）,2/5/2026,27,5)“He was,polite,and always gave advice willingly,”she recalled.,她回忆说，“他,彬彬有礼,，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）,6)We were shocked by his,coarse,manners.,我们对他的,粗暴,态度感到震惊。（贬）,2/5/2026,28,3.2,英语中有些词义是,中立的,，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达,2/5/2026,29,1),需要用褒义的词来表达,1)Once early in 1974,while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los,Angeles,he was asked to reflect on his hopes and,ambitions.,一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克利门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉机，途中请他谈他的希望和,抱负,。,2/5/2026,30,2)The two politicians talked for no more than minutes,at a significant moment in their,careers,.,两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是在他们,一生事业,的重大时刻进行的。,2/5/2026,31,2),需要用贬义的词来表达,1)He was a man of integrity,but unfortunately he had a certain,reputation,.I believe the,reputation,was not deserved.,他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种,坏名声,。我相信他这个,坏名声,是不该有的。,2/5/2026,32,2)Then,just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey,the Russians arrested me as a spy“and,sent,me,out,through Poland.(A.L.Strong),后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时侯，俄国人把我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我,驱逐出境,，取道波兰。,2/5/2026,33,3)He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked,deeds,.,他欺骗了我，是我成了他进行罪恶,勾当,的工具。,4)As a,demanding,boss,he excepted total loyalty and dedication from his employees.,他是个,苛刻,的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁,5)Those who do not remember the past are condemned to,relive,it.,凡是忘掉过去的人注定要,重蹈覆辙,。,2/5/2026,34,二、词语的增加,增词,是指在翻译时根据上下文和逻辑关系增添原文中没出现但实际内容已经包含的词，从而更忠实和通顺地表达原文意思。,2/5/2026,35,1,词义增词,A,增添范畴词,英语中大量使用抽象名词，,翻译时要根据上下文添加“,情绪,”、“,状态,”、“,行为,”等范畴词，,heighten the tension,（加剧了紧张局,serious unemployment,（严重的失业现象），,in case of emergency,（万一发生紧急情况）。,2/5/2026,36,Examples,1,）,After all,preparations,were made,，,the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco.,一切准备,工作,就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。,2)In the summer of 1969,the Administration publicly urged an easing of,tensions,with China.,一九流九年夏天，政府公开缓和与中国的紧张,关系,。,3),Profanity,was tacitly given up.,亵渎神灵的,粗话,全都心照不宣地不用了。,2/5/2026,37,4,）,However,even today,poor,uneducated blacks do not always receive the same degree of,justice,that the more aff1uent and better educated can expect.,然而，即使在今天，贫穷的、没有受过教育的黑人也并非总能得到富裕、受过良好教育的人可以得到的同等的,公正待遇,。,5,）,He stressed the growing concern of the United States over the increasing,political instability,in the Middle East region.,他强调美国越来越担心中东地区日益加剧的,不稳定的政治局面,。,2/5/2026,38,6)Meanwhile individual schools are moving on their own to redress the,imbalance,between teaching and research.,与此同时，各学校正采取措施纠正教学与科研,不平衡,的状态。,7,）,We have winked at these,irregularities,too long,，,from now on they will have to stop.,我们对这些,不法活动,宽容太久了，从现在起再也不容许这样下去了。,2/5/2026,39,B,增添隐含主语,英语抽象名词用法简练，单个抽象名词往往内含一个动宾结构或主谓结构，隐含了施动者或作用者。翻译时要把隐含内容增添出来。,2/5/2026,40,Examples,1)Advertising campaigns have,however,promoted a growing,realization,of the advantages of these small p1astic cards.,然而，广告公司的宣传活动，让越来越多的人,相信,这种小塑料卡的好处。,2/5/2026,41,2)The future,then,to which the epoch of modern economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth,，,a world in which ever growing,abundance,is matched by ever rising aspiration.,现代经济发展时代所要引向的未来是一个经济发展永不停止的时代，是一个,物质,不断,丰富,，,人的愿望,永不满足的世界。,2/5/2026,42,3,）,There is more,agreement,on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.,对这个词所指的有那些行为,人们,意见比较一致，而对逮些行为如何解释和分类人们的看法就不一致了。,2/5/2026,43,4,）,Naples is far dirtier,，,and so are Bombay and countless other cities,，,but a,tolerance,for dirt seems to grow where,fondness,exists,那不勒斯更脏，孟买和共他无数城市同样如此。但是,人们,似乎越来越能够,容忍,肮脏，而,人们,对这些城市的感情依旧。,2/5/2026,44,C,增添复数意义,1),增加重叠词表示复数,这样做还可以提高修辞效果。,2/5/2026,45,Examples,1,）,Flowers,bloom all over the yard.,朵朵,鲜花开满了庭院。,2),Newsmen,went flying off to Mexico.,记者,纷纷,飞到墨西哥去了。,3)There were,rows,of houses which he had never seen before.,一排排,的房子都是他从来没有见过的。,2/5/2026,46,2),增加数词或其它词表示复数,1)The lion,is the king of,animals,.,狮是,百,兽之王。,2,）,The very earth trembled as with the tramps of,horses,and murmur of angry,men,.,连大地都震动了，仿佛,万,马奔腾，,千,夫怒吼。,2/5/2026,47,3)The,mountains,began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.,群,山已在山谷里开始蔚蓝色的长影。,4)Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial,expansion under the,Tsars,.,大部分是在,历代,沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。,2/5/2026,48,3),名词，尤其是抽象名词，当构成复数后，往往具有一定的具体数量意义，在翻译时，要注意把这种复数意思译出。,2/5/2026,49,Examples,1,）,Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken,steps,to stabilize the position.First of all,，,we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our nationa1,ailments,，,examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.,在重新执政后极短的时间里，本届政府就采取了,许多措施,来稳定局势。首先我们致力于找出国内种种弊病的根本原因，仔细研究当时的症状，而不是墨守过时的成规教条。,2/5/2026,50,2)Smoking is harmful to the health of people.World,governments,should conduct serious campaigns against it.,吸烟有害于健康。,世界各国政府,应该开展认真的反吸烟运动。,2/5/2026,51,3,）,You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that,presidents,often invite“honest criticism”from their aides,你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种倾向：,历届总统,经常请他们的助手们提出“直率的批评”。,4,）,However,，,despite Kennedys,assurances,the story started to leak.,但是，尽管肯尼迪,反复保证,，事情还是泄露出来。,2/5/2026,52,2,结构增词,英语中几个相同语法结构平行排列时，后面的几个往往会省掉前面提到过的成分：形成语法省略。在翻译时，要注意识别，把省略的东西补出。,2/5/2026,53,Examples,1)Reading makes a full man;conference()a ready man;writing()an exact man.,读书使人充实，讨论,使人,机智，写作,使人,准确。,2)An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors;the Eagle()at the summit of a high tree,the Fox()in a hole at the foot of it.,一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰,住在,一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸,住在,树下一个洞里。,2/5/2026,54,3)We dont retreat,we never have()and never will().,我们不后退，我们从没有,后退,过，将来也决 不,后退,。,4)“No!”Jesse jumped up.“No,I believed that too.But I dont()now.”,“,不！”杰西跳起来了。“不，过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不,相信,了。”,5)He remembered the incident,as had his wife().,他记得这件事，他的妻子早就,记起,了。,2/5/2026,55,6)The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.,仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们,愿意服侍,他们的女主人一样。,7)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的,失败中吸取教训,更好。,2/5/2026,56,8,）,And so we let the exciting new knowledge slip from us,，,a little further every day,，,and,our confidence,with it,于是，我们就让那些振奋人心的新知识从我们身旁悄悄溜走，一天一天地失去，而,我们的信心,也随之而,逐渐丧失,。,9,）,Until these issues are resolved,，,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,，,and with it possib1y,the on1y way to solve our problems,.,这样问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，而,解决问题的唯一方式,可能也随之,继续受到排斥,。,2/5/2026,57,10,）,Everybody has a responsibility to the society of which he is a part and through this,to mankind,每个人都对他所属的社会负有责任，通过社会，,对人类负有责任,。,11,）,When the media add interpretation and analys1s,，,as they must,to do their job fu11y,，,strong dislike of the messengers may become intense.,当媒体加进了自己的解释和分析后（,因为他们必须这这样干,，才能充分发挥媒体的作用），人们对他们就更反感了。,2/5/2026,58,3,篇章增词,英语的特点是简练。在上下文篇章清楚的情况下，往往运用省略。翻译时要把原文句子里因上下文清楚而省掉的东西通过增词表达出来。,2/5/2026,59,1,）,We attacked,restrictive practices,wherever they existed.,哪里存在,阻碍生产力发展的做法,，我们就在哪里加以反对。,2,）,(Red,light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong,，,and so it may be in individual instances.,）,When,the violation,becomes habitual,，,widespread and incessant,，,however,，,a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved.,然而，,违反交通规则,一旦形成习惯，咸为普遍经常发生的事情，则问题就远非走交通管理那么简单了。,2/5/2026,60,3,）（,Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.,）,Stable,family life,was difficult to maintain.Unemployed fathers would on occasion wa1k out of their homes and never return.,黑人的家庭生活,难以保持稳定，失了业的父亲有时会离家出走，一去不回。,2/5/2026,61,4,）（,In the late 197Os,，,nearly a third of a1l blacks sti11 belonged to the so,called,“,underclass,”,，）,Americans of all races so,“,underprivi1eged,and poor that they cannot seize the opportunity for,advancement,.,即美国所有种族中“被剥夺基本权利”的穷人，他们得不到,改善生活,的机会。,5,）,I discovered that more than desire and feeling were necessary to write and I dropped,the idea,.,我发现，要写作，只有愿望和感情是不够的，于是我放弃了写作的,念头,。,2/5/2026,62,4,知识增词,因为英语文章多数是写给英语世界的读者看的，因此一些属于基本常识的东西就省略了，翻译时则要通过加词表达出来，才能使读者理解。,2/5/2026,63,Examples,1,）,North America was the most favorable fie1d on the globe for the spread of a society so large,，,uniform,，,and,isolated,as to answer the purposes of science.,北美是全球最适宜这样一个社会发展的地方，这个社会地大物博，统一而又与,欧洲大陆隔离,，可以适合科学研究的各种需要。,2,）,There is still,prejudice and even some hatred,，,but in most walks of American life there are now more blacks than ever before,对黑人的偏见，甚至于是某些仇视,依然存在，但是在美国大多数行业，今天黑人的人数比以往任何时候都要多。,2/5/2026,64,3,）,Although no 1onger slaves after the Civi1 war,American blacks took no significant part in the life of,white America,except as servants and laborers.,美国黑人虽然在南北战争以后不再是奴隶，但是他们在,白人统治的美国社会生活中,依然无足轻重，只不过当仆佣和劳工而已。,4,）,Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an ear1y,invasion of Europe,.,丘吉尔到达华盛顿来劝说罗斯福不要过早在殴洲,开辟第二战场,。,2/5/2026,65,5,）,When on ceremonial occasions they see,a flag,，,or attend parades celebrating America,s glorious past,，,tears may come to their eyes.,在典礼上，美国人看到,国旗,，或者参加庆祝纪念活动的游行时，他们也会热汨盈眶。,2/5/2026,66,5,其他增加,5.1,增加概括词,英语中的,in short,and so on,etc.,等等，翻译时可以分别译为“,总之”、“等等,”,。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“,两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种,”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。,2/5/2026,67,Examples,You and I,你我,俩人,The Soviet Union,the United States,England and France,苏、美、英、法四国,militarily,politically and economically,军事、政治、经济等各方面,2/5/2026,68,1)The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.,美日,双方,在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。,2,）,It is remarkably clear.It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.,它十分清晰，从中可以看出街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头、潜艇修藏坞,等,。,3,）,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.,论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭,三方面,的新成就。,2/5/2026,69,5.2,增加形容词,1,）,With what,enthusiasm,the Chinese people are building socialism.,中国人民正在以多么,高,的热情建设社会主义啊！,2,）,The plane twisted under me,，,trailing,flame,and,smoke.,（敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着,浓,烟,烈,焰掉了下去。,3,）,O,Tom,Canty,，,born in rags and dirt and misery,，,what,sight,is this,！（,Mark Twain,）,啊，汤姆,康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么,煊赫,啊！,2/5/2026,70,5.3,增加副词,根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达愿意。,1,）,The crowds,melted,away,。,人群,渐渐,散开了。,2,）,As she sat down and began talking,，,words poured out,。,他一坐下来就开始了，,滔滔不决地,讲个不完。,3,）,Tremaine,sank down,with his face in his hands,屈里曼两手蒙着脸，,一屁股,做了下去。,2/5/2026,71,5.4,增加表示时态的词,1,）,I,had,known two great social systems.,那时以前,，我就经历过过大社会制度。,2)The old man,had,taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.,原来,老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。,3)I,had,never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant.But this time I was.,以往,我从未想,过,，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。,2/5/2026,72,4)The old man said,，“,They say his father,was,a fisherman.Maybe he,was,as poor as we,a