雅思 小作文 六大类型.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,如何讲好雅思小作文的故事,line graph,line graph,小作文其实很好写，但是写好总是不容易。其实道理很简单，是因为我们用汉语描述小作文图形特征还不是很专业，更不熟练。所以请先整理好汉语作文之后，再应用我们学过的表达写小作文。效果一定会不一样的。,基本规则：,1,文本采用过去时,2,切勿将数据写错,正文内容：,1,抓住图表内轴线的趋向,2,对轴线进行比较说明,3,尽量具有强烈的可比性,核心常用词汇：,1,同义转换,2,选择重点,3,搭配速度与程度表达,The line graph compares average yearly spending by Americans on mobile and landline phone services from 2001 to 2010.,概括线图内容,It is clear that spending on landline phones fell steadily over the 10-year period,while mobile phone expenditure rose quickly.The year 2006 marks the point at which expenditure on mobile services overtook that for residential phone services.,总述一条线总体趋势，和另一条行程对比,In 2001,US consumers spent an average of nearly$700 on residential phone services,compared to only around$200 on cell phone services.Over the following five years,average yearly spending on landlines dropped by nearly$200.By contrast,expenditure on mobiles rose by approximately$300.,自,2001,年开始，描述,cell phone,每一段的变化趋势。,In the year 2006,the average American paid out the same amount of money on both types of phone service,spending just over$500 on each.By 2010,expenditure on mobile phones had reached around$750,while the figure for spending on residential services had fallen to just over half this amount.,对比手机服务，写出手机服务的特征。对另一条线进行系统描述。,在运动范畴中存在着如下的,8,种运动趋向：,1.,保持平稳：我们可以使用的套用结构有：,stay stable/remain steady.,举例：表示人口数量保持平稳的时候可以写：,The number of population stayed stable./The number of population remained steady.,2.,上升,/,增加：我们可以使用的套用结构有：,rise/climb/increase/ascend/mount/aggrandize,举例：人口上升：,The number of population increased/ascended/mounted,3.,下降,/,减少：我们可以使用的套用结构有：,fall/drop/decrease/descend/decline,举例：人口减少：,The number of population decreased/declined.,程度只有两种，缓慢和陡然。,缓慢的,/,轻微的：,gradually/smoothly/steadily/slightly,陡然的,/,大幅度的：,dramatically/sharply/considerably/appreciably/,举例：,1.,人口大幅度攀升：,number of population mounted dramatically.,2.,人口轻微下降：,number of population decreased slightly.,3.,人口逐渐下降：,number of population decreased gradually.,4.,下降后保持平稳：使用的结构是,bottom out.,举例：人口下降后保持平稳：,The number of population decreased and bottomed out.,5.,上升后保持平稳：使用,level off.,举例：人口上升后保持平稳：,number of population mounted and leveled off.,6.,复苏：前面下降了以后，然后就上升了，这两条线段的连接点就叫复苏。英语中表达为,recover,举例：人口下降后复苏：,number of population decreased and recovered.,7.,波动：英语中叫,fluctuate.,举例：人口波动：,number of population fluctuated,8.,达到顶峰：,peak/reach its summit/reach its zenith,举例：人口到达了顶峰：,number of population peaked/reached its summit/reached its zenith.,如何将线段组与数据进行连接,?,注意如下的介词使用,.,一,.remain steady/stay stable/level off/bottom out/peak/reach its peak/reach its zenith,后面需要使用的是,at,。,举例：,1.,人口在,500,万上保持平稳：,number of population remained steady at 5 million.,2.,人口在,800,万时到达了顶峰：,number of population peaked at 8 million.,3.,下降后，人口在,400,万保持平稳：,after decreasing,number of population bottomed out at 4 million.,4.,上升后，人口在,700,万保持平稳：,after mounting,number of population leveled off at 7 million.,二,.,上升,/,下降后面使用,to(,到,),和,by(,了,),举例：,1.,人口下降到,200,万：,number of population decreased to 2 million.,2.,人口下降了,200,万：,number of population decreased by 2 million.,3.,人口上升到,1000,万：,number of population increased to 10 million.,4.,人口上升了,500,万：,number of population increased by 5 million.,三,.recover,的后面大家需要使用的是,from,举例：人口在,200,万时开始复苏：,number of population recovered from 2 million.,四,.fluctuate,的后面大家需要连接,between.and.,举例：人口在,2,和,100,亿之间波动：,number of population fluctuated between 2 and 10 billion.,常用的小作文的趋势句式表达,句式一：变化主体,/,图画中主体,+,趋势动词,+,副词,+,时间区间,Eg,:The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000.,The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.,The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940.,There be+,形容词,+,表示趋势的名词,+in+,变化的主体,+,时间区间,Eg,:There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000.,There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980.,There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,Bar chart,这幅图两个明显的信息点，即对于这六个国家来说，,1995,年的雇佣率总是低于,2005,年的雇佣率，女性的受雇佣率也总是低于男性的相应数据。接下来，还有什么信息点需要进行阐述呢,?,很明显，在本图中，除了年份和性别外，国家也是一个很重要的组成部分。可是该如何描述国家间的对比关系呢,?,如果以国家的雇佣率高低来进行描述，会显得信息冗杂且重复。,那让我们换个角度来想，如果以一个国家内部的数据特点作为分类标准，看看国家内同年份男性和女性的雇佣率差距，不难发现,Australia,Iceland,和,New Zealand,同年份的男女雇佣率差距很明显，而在,Switzerland,UK,和,USA,二者的差距就比较小。就此，这道题第三个重要的信息点就可以被归纳出来了。,比较词汇：,1 more/fewer/less+noun+than,2,adj.of,one syllable:-,er,+than,3 more/less,adj.of,two or more syllables+than,最值：,the most/least+,adj.of,two or more syllables,adj.of,one syllable+-,est,相似：,as+adj.+as,Pie,基本规则：,1,文法必须是过去式,2,百分比的比例不同,3,仔细理解图表的特殊性和主题,引题：,1,介绍图表的概况,2,将扇形图所有的归类申明,3,给出一个图表最突出的地方,正文：,1,抓住图表内的百分比,2,对两者进行比较,3,客观呈现差异性,饼形图与柱形图或者是线形图所截然不同的是它没有了横轴与纵轴，而以饼形的分割来表示百分比，但我们仍可以依照三步的审题分析法来进行观察：,Step 1:,观察共有几张饼图，以及它们之间的关系是什么,(,一般说来，雅思图表题中极少见到单饼图,);,Step 2:,观察每张饼图中有哪几个区域，以及各个区域分别代表什么,;,Step 3:,观察单个饼图中各区域间的百分比差异，以及相同区域在各个饼图间的百分比的比较或发展。,由于饼图主要以比例说明和数字列举为主，我们需要在考前准备好以下素材：,动词“占”的表达：,account for,hold,make up,take up,constitute,comprise,represent,百分比的表达,percentage,，,proportion,amount,quantity,约数表达,the majority of,most of,a considerable number of,a minority of,just over,slightly more than/less than,nearly half,等,确切数字表达,分数与百分比的转化：,one third,two fifths,，,one tenth,常见表达：,a quarter,a half,1 nearly half,2 the vast majority,3 a small minority,4 three quarters,5 just under a third,6 roughly one in four,A 85%,B 75%,C 46%,D 31%,E 24%,F 15%,约数近似词汇,approximately,slightly,nearly,almost,just over,just under,句式,要灵活运用以上的词汇结合一定的句子，变换表达方式。,例：亚洲人口占世界比例近,50%,。,Asia accounts for almost a half of world population.,Nearly 50%of people in the world come from Asia.,The percentage of Asian in the world population is slightly less than a half.,Asia has the largest percentage of population in the world(approximately 50%).,Pie,饼图建议不要按一个一个饼来描述，而是根据饼中的信息进行分组描述，同样的注意动态描述和最值,.,常用的小作文的趋势句式表达,句式一：变化主体,/,图画中主体,+,趋势动词,+,副词,+,时间区间,Eg,:The number of aged people over 65 increased significantly from 1940-2000.,The number of aged people over 65 dropped slightly from 1960-1980.,The number of aged people over 65 fluctuated between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,The number of aged people over 65 remained stable from 1930-1940.,句式二：,There be+,形容词,+,表示趋势的名词,+in+,变化的主体,+,时间区间,Eg,:There was an significant increase in the number of aged people over 65 from 1940-2000.,There was a slight decline in the number of aged people over 65 from 1960-1980.,There was a fluctuation between 1 million and 1.2 million from 1940-1950.,Process Diagram,Flowchart,起点,+,箭头,步骤,+,分段,逻辑,+,衔接,生词带入,一般现在时被动语态,地点、人物、工具,流程图和其他数据图最大的区别在于：流程图是纯文字的，以描述为主，属于说明文。相比之下，柱状图、饼状图、表格等数据图则需要对数据进行分析和比较。从这个角度来说，其实数据图更难。,第一、引言段和结尾段的重要性,在流程图的引言段和结尾段写作中可以适当进行过程的阶段划分和总结，使文章的构思上一个层次，摆脱“流水账”的俗套。,流程图首段开头模板：,1.,这是一个流程图,2.,它介绍了一个什么样的过程,3.,它可以被分为几个步骤,This flowchart illustrates the process of.,which can be divided into.stages/steps.,流程图尾段模板：,As can be seen from the flowchart,it is clear to see how the procession/development of.is carried out.,在考试中，小作文中的流程图一般会给出一个介绍制作步骤,(,食品、零件等,),的图表，根据所给图表对整个制作流程进行描述。如下图,第一步：收集,-,放置,-,运输,第二步：清洗,-,分类,-,运到,-,放进,-,为了,-,混入,-,倒入,第三步：销售,第二，掌握表示“顺序”的连接词，用来说明过程的各个步骤和先后顺序。,重点掌握以下几个词：,表示过程用,process,或,procedure,过程的各个阶段和步骤可以用,stage,或,step,来描述,第一个步骤连接词；,At first,、,To begin with,、,In the first stage,中间的步骤：,Then,、,Next,、,After that,或,In t,he second stage,最后一个步骤：,Finally,、,Lastly,或,The final stage“,一些平行的步骤：,At the same time,、,Meanwhile,第三，要学会使用被动语态,流程图写好的第二个关键是被动语态的使用。流程图表现的是客观的工作流程或事物发展的过程。,因此，我们可以尽量避免用“,Weshould/must/needtodo,sth,.”,的主动语态，改为“,Sth,.Should/must/needstobedone”,这样的被动语态。,被动语态和情态动词的恰当搭配，可以使文章显得更具有客观、和学术化色彩。,第四，雅思词汇,:,作文流程图中常见动词集锦,见表格,This diagram illustrates the recycling process of glass bottles.The whole process is a cycle which can be divided into three main stages.,In the initial stage,these used bottles are collected in collection point where they are deposited by customers and they are then transported to cleaning plant by trucks.,The second stage shows that these bottles are cleaned by high pressured water and they are afterwards classified by,colours,into brown,green and clear.Then they are taken to recycling plant where they are put into furnace in order to melt in preparation for,moulding,.Next,recycled liquid glass is mixed with a certain amount of new liquid glass before being poured into mould for the manufacture of new bottles.,In the final stage,the fresh bottles are ready for use,and they are taken to be filled at market and return to customers.,Map,目前地图题主要是两种：,1,描述地区的变化，,2.,描述一个具体的位置,又以地区的变化（地,理,变迁）最,为常见，这种题目，一般会用一组图展现同一个地点在不同时间段的形态变化,。另外就是地图题的读题比较难。如,下图所示：,A,地理变迁的写法：,The maps below show the,事物,in,年份,and now.,1,读题：读图标的含义，哪个是铁路，哪个是村庄等等都读明白了。要看清哪个是公路，哪个是铁路。有没有交叉点等等。,2,确定写的顺序，是按变化写还是按位置写，还是两个的综合体。,3,如果是要求描述变化，把明显的变化先划出，最好用词在图旁边描述，确定自己要写几点。,4,细节变化,地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细节,5,语态,地图题用被动语态,第一幅图为静态地理位置描写,描述到第二幅图的时候，运用变化词汇,中间段,In the present-day town,a great deal changed.,主题句,记得用关联的词和句子：,It is obvious/notable/noticeable,It is easy to locate/to find that,It can be seen from the graph that,常用表达：,中间：,A is in center/middle/central area of B,紧挨着：,A is near/next to/close to/adjacent to B.,对面,A is opposite B.,A is across B,A is on the opposite side of B.,建设：,construct,build,set up,establish,add,transform,convert,一 时态,如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。,如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用表“估计”的词汇。,如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。,注意！一般不用将来时，表示将来的时间可以用下列表达：,is likely to=is predicted to/is estimated to/is projected to/is expected to,it is likely that=it is predicted/estimated/projected/expected that,如：,现在停车场改成了一个剧院。,The car park has been removed and replaced by a theatre.,城镇,A,的家庭数量从,1937,年到,2020,年将翻一番。,The number of homes in Town A is likely to double,It is likely that the number of homes in Town A will double.,二 地图题的书写顺序：时间顺序和空间顺序,地图题的方位我们说东西南北，不说成左右。,1,A,在,B,的东方,/,西方,/,南方,/,北方,A is/lies/is located/is situated in/on/to the east/west/south/north of B,(in,表,A,在,B,内部，,on,表,A,和,B,接壤，,to,表,A,和,B,分开,),2 A,在,B,内部的某个部位,A is in the eastern/southern/western/northern part of B.,3 3 A,在,B,西北部的,120,千米处,A lies 120 km to the northwest of B.,4 A,在,B,角落,A is at/in the south-eastern corner of B(at,表示,A,在,B,外部，,in,表,A,在,B,内部,),5,在河流或道路的南边,/,北边等,On the south/southern side of the river,On both sides of the road,On the other side,6,临近马路的地区,The area adjacent to/near/next to/just off the road,7,在道路或河流的最南端,At the southern end of the river,8 A,在,B,的对面,A is on the opposite side of B,A is opposite B,9 A,在,B,东部的边界上（,A,在,B,外部）,A is on the eastern border of B,10 A,在,B,东部边缘上（,A,在,B,内部）,A is on/along the eastern edge of B,三“变化”词汇,地图题描述的是一个地区的变化，那么“变化”词汇必须过关。,变化包括两种：图形原有事物的改变，图形新添事物。,图形原有事物的改变：,原有事物可说成：,The original/previous/former.,原有事物尺寸上变大,/,变小：,The size of the.has been enlarged/extended/halved/reduced by half,原有事物在数量上增多或减少：,The number of.has increased/risen/grown/reduced/decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/tripled/quadrupled to,数字,.,原有事物被推倒了：,A is pulled down/knocked down/torn down.,恒定表达,:,A has remained unchanged.,A,被建造在,B,：,A is constructed/established in B.,A,被增建在,B,：,A is added to B.,原有事物没了：,Tpletely disappeared/were removed.,原有事物被改为：,A becomes B,A is transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/,converted/changed/turned over to/into B,A is replaced/substituted by B=A gives way to B,图形新添事物,:,1 A newly-built.,2 A new.was built/established/set up/constructed/completed and opened in the middle of B,3 A new.has been added to the library,4 The year,年份,saw two additions to the land:,事物,A in the northern part and,事物,B on the opposite side.,B,地图题第二类为选址题：,The map shows two possible sites for the.,选址题并不难写，主要注意两点：,位置描述,优缺点,一般可分两段，分别陈述：,S1,的位置及位置相应的优缺点,S2,的位置及位置相应的优缺点,总阶段,其中表位置的方位词已在前文有总结,例文：,In the present-day town,a great deal changed.,Perhaps the most noticeable change are those relating to transportation.Our modern-day needs are very different and so the roads have been improved and traffic lights,a roundabout and a zebra crossing have been added,as well as an extra road.Increased traffic means that a car park has now replaced Goode Farm and the fields that are located at the top of the 1700 map.,Housing is another area where many changes have been made.While in 1700 there were few houses,now there are rows of houses and a block of flats instead of the stables.,Table,