翻译的一般技巧.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,11/7/2009,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第二讲 翻译的一般技巧1,梁超老师：,韦文毅助教：,考勤,10,分；,6,份课内新闻稿作业,60,分；期末卷,30,分,无电脑练听力，可用短波王收音机；,50,至,100,元性价比高，买时实测灵敏度，避开静电,屏蔽；第,3,、,4,波段；早,7,点半到,8,点,VOA Special English,，晚,7,点到,11,点,BBC,Standard English,第1页，共39页。,第一节 英汉词汇现象的对比,一 词的意义方面,语言在发展（进化），词义在变迁,bird,鸟,人，姑娘（口语）,飞机、火箭、卫星,第2页，共39页。,英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度，有,4,种情况：,1,）完全对应,The U.S.State Department,美国国务院,2,）部分对应、所指范围有广狭之分,marry,gun,sword,cousin,3,）部分英语新词找不到汉语对应词,democracy,economy,plumber,管子工,4,）英词一词多义，分别与汉语多个词或词组对应,spring,第3页，共39页。,二词的搭配能力方面,英汉语单词在搭配能力上常有差异。,比如：,to cut,cut wheat,cut cake,cut finger-nails,割麦子；切蛋糕；剪（或修）指甲,思考：,wear,survive,第4页，共39页。,三词序方面,汉语：我们在教室学习。,英语：,We are studying in the classroom.,英汉语句子主要成分（主、谓、宾或表）词序是一致的。但是各种定语或状语的位置却有同有异，变化较多。,对比：汉语、英语、日语等的词序,我正在吃早餐。主谓宾,I am having breakfast.,主谓宾,私朝飯食。,主宾谓,第5页，共39页。,1,，定语的位置,1,）单词作定语,英语单词作定语一般前置，也有后置的；汉语几乎都前置（例外，如，鹏程国际）。,a,research-oriented,hospital,以搞科研为重点的,something,important,重要的,The,ancient Chinese,alchemists,中国古代的,2,）短语作定语,英语短语作定语几乎都后置；汉语一般前置，也有后置,a book,on the desk,桌上的一本书,particles,moving round their atomic nucleus,环绕原子核运动的粒子,the decimal system,of counting,十进制计算法,第6页，共39页。,思考：,句子作定语，英汉语有何区别？,第7页，共39页。,2,，状语的位置,1,）单词作状语,英语单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，前置，与汉语同,John did not distinguish himself as a student,but he was,very,active.,很活跃,英语单词状语修饰动词，后置，汉语一般前置。,Modern science and technology are developing,rapidly,.,迅速发展,英语表示程度的副词修饰状语时，前或后置，汉语前置。,The molecules of a gas are moving about,extremely,fast in all directions.,非常迅速地向四面八方,He is running fast,enough,.,够快,第8页，共39页。,2,）短语作状语,英语短语状语置于被修饰动词前或后，汉语一般在前，也有在后。两方词序视习惯而定。,With a bag of toys and books,we walked across the garden.,我们,提着一口袋玩具和书籍，,穿过了花园。,A jeep sped fast,drenching me in spray.,一辆吉普车疾驶而过，,溅了我一身水。,英语地点状语一般在时间状语前，而汉语正好相反。,He was born,in Furt on May 27,1923.,一九二三年五月二十七日在菲尔特,英语时间、地点状语排列顺序是从小到大，汉从大到小。,I was born,in Burdine,Kentucky,in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.,第9页，共39页。,思考：,句子作状语，英汉语有何区别？,第10页，共39页。,第二节 词义的选择、引申与褒贬,一 词义的选择,一词多类一词多义,1,，根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义,Like,charges repel,unlike,charges attract.,相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。,第11页，共39页。,2,，根据上下文联系及词在句中搭配关系来选择和确定词义,to take off:,take off her boot,take off from the deck,10-inch notebook computers took off in high schools.,脱鞋,从甲板起飞,10,英寸笔记本电脑在中学里首先流行,第12页，共39页。,二词义的引申,某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当词义，逐词死译又会造成生硬或误解，怎么办呢？,1,，将词义作抽象化引申,Every life has its,roses,and,thorns,.,每个人的生活都有,甜,有,苦,。,2,，将词义作具体化引申,Vietnam War was his,entre,to the new Administration.,越南战争成了他进入新政府的,敲门砖,。入场权或进入许可,第13页，共39页。,三词义的褒贬,1,，英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就要相应地表达出来,He was a man of,high renown(fame),.,他是一位有,名望,的人。（褒）,His,notoriety,as a rake did not come until his death.,他作为流氓的,恶名,是他死后才传开来的。（贬）,2,，英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬意味，汉译时要用相应褒贬词表达,ambition,invade,aggressive,第14页，共39页。,1,）需用褒义词表达,Kennedy was asked to reflect on his hopes and,ambitions,.,有人请肯尼迪谈了他的希望和,抱负,。,2,）需用贬义词表达,He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked,deeds,.,他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶,勾当,的工具。,As a,demanding,boss,he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.,他是个,苛刻,的老板，要求员工对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。,第15页，共39页。,第三节 词类转译法,一转译成动词,相对于英语，汉语中动词用得比较多。,He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.,他对总统,声明,为,保住,其职位而,决心奋斗,表示钦佩。,请找出汉译中“对表示钦佩”之外动词的对应词。,第16页，共39页。,1,，名词转译成动词,英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动词意义的名词及其他名词往往译成汉语动词。,They called for the,downfall,of imperialism,abolition,of,exploitation,of man by man,liberation,of the oppressed of the world.,他们表示要,打倒,帝国主义，要,消灭,人,剥削,人的制度，要,解放,世界上的被压迫人民（派生，政论体）,The,sight,and,sound,of our jet planes filled me with special longing.,看到,我们的喷气式飞机，,听到,隆隆的飞机声，令我特别神往。（动作意味，记叙、描写文体）,第17页，共39页。,My little brother is a better,teacher,than I.,我的小弟弟比我,教,得好。（,-er,未必指职业）,The next news bulletin made no,mention,of the demonstration.,下一个新闻节目没有,提到,游行。（习语中名词，如,have a rest,have a good look at,）,2,，前置词转译成动词（,across,past,toward,）,I barreled straight ahead,across,the harbor and,out over,the sea.,我笔直向前高速飞行，,越过,港口，,飞临,海面。,第18页，共39页。,3,，形容词转译成动词,英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在连系动词后作表语时，译成汉语动词。如：,confident,certain,careful,cautious,angry,sure,ignorant,afraid,doubtful,aware,concerned,glad,delightful,sorry,ashamed,thankful,anxious,grateful,able.,Doctors have said that they are not,sure,they can save his life.,医生们说，他们不敢,肯定,能否救得了他的命。,第19页，共39页。,4,，副词转译成动词,As he ran out,he forgot to have his shoes,on,.,他跑出去时，忘记了,穿,鞋子。,The war will soon be,over,.,战争即将,结束,。,She opened the window to let fresh air,in,.,她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气,进来,。,第20页，共39页。,二转译成名词,1,，英语名词派生动词如果找不到相应汉语动词,Formality has always,characterized,their relationship.,他们之间的关系有一个,特点,，就是以礼相待。,He,personified,the absolute power.,他就是绝对权力的,化身,。,The guard towers were,silhouetted,against the sky.,天空映出了瞭望塔的,轮廓,。,Obama has,staffed,his new administration.,奥巴马已经为他的新政府,作好了人事安排,。,第21页，共39页。,2,，有些英语被动句子中动词译成“受（遭）到,名词”、“予以名词”结构,Snow,was treated,very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom during this period.,在这期间，斯诺,受到了,美国新闻界和政界极不公正的,对待,。,The hostile satellites,must be,closely,watched,.,对敌国卫星活动,必须加以,密切的,观察,。,第22页，共39页。,3,，形容词转译来,有些形容词加上定冠词表示表示某一类人：,They did their best to help,the sick,and,the wounded,.,(,想一想，还可以举出哪些？,),他们尽了最大的努力帮助,病号,和,伤员,。,其他情况：,Stevenson was,eloquent,and,elegant,but soft.,史蒂文森有,口才,，有,风度,，但很软弱。,They were considered,insincere,.,人们认为他们是,伪君子,。,hypocrite,第23页，共39页。,三转译成形容词,1,，形容词派生名词往往转译成形容词,The,pallor,of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.,她,苍白的,脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。,His questions reflected the,enormity,of his doubts.,他提出的问题反映出他有,很大的,怀疑。,2,，有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，译成形容词,Independent thinking is an absolute,necessity,in study.,独立思考对学习是绝对,必需的,。,第24页，共39页。,四其他词类转译,1,，形容词与副词的互相转译,We took,brief,restless,naps.,我们,短短地、不安地,睡了几次。,The President had prepared,meticulously,for his journey.,总统为这次出访作了,十分周密的,准备。,This is,sheer,nonsense.,这,完全,是胡说。,Buckley was in a,clear,minority.,巴克利,显然,属于少数。,第25页，共39页。,2,，名词与副词的相互转译,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his,instinct,is to win him over with charm and humor.,只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就,本能地,要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,The new mayor earned some appreciation by the,courtesy,of coming to visit the city poor.,新市长,有礼貌地,前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们一些好感。,They have not done so well,ideologically,as,organizationally,.,他们的,思想工作,没有他们的,组织工作,做得好。,He is,physically,weak but,mentally,sound.,他的,体质,虽然欠佳，,智力,却很健康。,第26页，共39页。,第四节增词法,英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。,增加原文中虽无其词而有其意词,第27页，共39页。,一根据意义上或修辞上的需要,1,，增加动词,After the,banquets,the,concerts,ant the,table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.,在,参加,宴会、,出席,音乐会、,观看,乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,2,，增加形容词,The enemy plane twisted under me,trailing,flame,and,smoke,.,敌机在下面螺旋下降，拖着,浓,烟,烈,焰掉了下去。,第28页，共39页。,3,，增加副词,The crowds,melted,away.,人群,渐渐,散开了。,As he sat down and began talking,words,poured out,.,他一坐下来就讲开了，,滔滔不绝地,讲个没完。,4,，增加名词,Day after day he came to his work,sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning,.,（不及物动词后）,他每天来干活,扫,地,，擦,地板,，收拾,房间,。,This typewriter is indeed,cheap and fine,.,这部打字机真是,价,廉,物,美。（形容词前）,第29页，共39页。,由动词或形容词派生的抽象名词，有些后面加适当名词，如,persuade,说服,persuasion,说服,工作,，自满,arrogantarrogance,自满,情绪,The Japanese government publicly urged an easing of,tensions,with China.,日本政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张,关系,。,He allowed the,father,to be overruled by the,judge,and declared his own son guilty.,（具体名词后）,他让法官的,职责,战胜父子的,私情,，而判决他儿子有罪。,5,，增加表示名词复数的词,Flowers,bloom all over the yard.,朵朵,鲜花开满了庭院。,The lion is the king of animals.,狮是,百,兽之王。,第30页，共39页。,6,，增加表示时态的词,Maybe he,was,as poor as we,are,.,他,过去,也许跟我们,现在,一样穷。,7,，增加语气词,Dont take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.,不要认真,嘛,！我不过开开玩笑,罢了,。,8,，增加量词,a red sun,一,轮,红日,a crescent moon,一,钩,新月,a stream,一,弯,溪水,have a quarrel,争吵一,番,第31页，共39页。,他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。,一根据意义上或修辞上的需要,汉语前句出现主语，后句同一主语，不必重复出现,something important重要的,1，形容词与副词的互相转译,无电脑练听力，可用短波王收音机；,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,1，根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义,他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。,ambition,invade,aggressive,越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。,英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在连系动词后作表语时，译成汉语动词。,He personified the absolute power.,某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当词义，逐词死译又会造成生硬或误解，怎么办呢？,9,，增加概括词或承上启下的词,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.,论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭,三方面,的新成就。,Mistakes had been made,bad ones.,已经犯了许多错误，,而且还是,很糟的错误。,第32页，共39页。,二根据句法上的需要,1,，增补原文回答句中的省略部分,Is this your book?Yes,it is.,这是你的书吗？是,我的,。,2,，增补原文句子中省略的动词,Reading makes a full man;conference a ready man;writing an exact man.,读书使人充实，讨论,使人,机智，写作,使人,准确。,3,，增补原文比较句中的省略部分,The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.,仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们,愿意服侍,他们的女主人一样。,第33页，共39页。,第五节省略法,省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。,但是，省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删除。,第34页，共39页。,一从语法角度出发的省略,1,，省略代词,汉语前句出现主语，后句同一主语，不必重复出现,He was thin and haggard and,he,looked miserable.,他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,We,live and learn.,活到老，学到老。,The more he tried to hide his warts,the more he revealed,them,.,他越是要掩盖他的肉疣，就越是会暴露。,第35页，共39页。,He shrugged,his,shoulders,shook,his,head,cast up,his,eyes,but said nothing.,他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话也不说。,2,，省略非人称的或强调句中的,it,Outside,it,was pitch dark and,it,was raining cats and dogs.,外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。,It,was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.,他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。,第36页，共39页。,3,，省略连接词,汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。,He looked gloomy,and,troubled.,他看上去有些忧愁不安。,If,winter comes,can spring be far behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,4,，省略冠词,The,horse is a useful animal.,A,teacher should have patience in his work.,The onlookers saw,the,little party climb ashore.,（不能省）看的人只见那（或这）一小队人爬上岸去。,第37页，共39页。,二从修辞角度出发的省略,他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。,After the banquets,the concerts ant the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communique.,They have not done so well ideologically as organizationally.,democracy,economy,plumber管子工,2，省略非人称的或强调句中的it,我的小弟弟比我教得好。,Flowers bloom all over the yard.,他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。,汉语前句出现主语，后句同一主语，不必重复出现,在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待。,他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,下一个新闻节目没有提到游行。,二从修辞角度出发的省略,1,，英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略,University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference,over those who had not,.,报考大学的人，有工作经验的（比没工作经验的）优先录取。,2,，根据汉语习惯，译文可省略一些可有可无的词。,The leaves were gone,from the trees,the grass was dead.,叶落草枯。（树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了。）,第38页，共39页。,第六节小结,本讲学到了哪些知识？,第39页，共39页。,