词类转换.ppt

,单击鼠标编辑标题文的格式,单击鼠标编辑大纲正文格式,第二个大纲级,第三个大纲级,第四个大纲级,第五个大纲级,第六个大纲级,第七个大纲级,第八个大纲级,第九个大纲级,*,单击鼠标编辑标题文的格式,*,单击鼠标编辑大纲正文格式,第二个大纲级,第三个大纲级,第四个大纲级,第五个大纲级,第六个大纲级,第七个大纲级,第八个大纲级,第九个大纲级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Assignments,1.,一个国家一定要有稳定的形势，才能把经济建设搞上去。,1.The economic growth can only be promoted with the stability of the country.,2.,在改善物质生活的同时，充实精神生活。,2.While improving the peoples material well-being,we shall enrich their cultural life.,3.,近年来，美国华裔科技人才辈出，成就卓著，引起国际科技界的注意和重视。,3.In recent years there have come forth in increasing numbers the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.,4.,词组,:,黄毛丫头,黄色电影,黄色歌曲,黄叶,4.,a chit of a girl/a witless,(ignorant)girl,blue films/porn movies,smutty/ribald songs,fallen leaves,5.,从上海至北京的飞机每天一班。,5.There was a daily shift from Shanghai to Beijing.,6.,还要多读一点历史和小说。,6.We should also make efforts to read some books of history and novels.,7.,根据它的叫声特点，人们把蝉又称作知了,7.Another name for the cicada is,zhiliao,or know-all,for thats how its chirping sounds to the Chinese.,8.,美国气候相差较大，位于亚热带的佛罗里达和夏威夷海滩温暖宜人，阿拉斯加苔原却寒气袭人。,8.The climate ranges from the semi-tropical warmth of beaches in Florida and Hawaii to the frozen tundra of Alaska.,第三章,词类转换,Conversion,最主要的翻译技巧,词类转换就是把英语中的某种词性，转换成汉语的另外一种词性来表达的,翻译技巧。,不管在英译汉还是汉译英中，根据翻译成英文或是汉语的习惯，通常都会进行词类转换，以,适应英语或是汉语的表达习惯,词性转换,：,几乎可以在,所有词性间,进行,名词,-,动词,，,动词,-,名词,，,介词,-,动词,，,副词,-,动词,，,名词,-,形容词,example,I admire your,decision,to fight for the difficulties in preparing the examination.,你,决定,战胜复习考试中的困难，这一点我很佩服。,名词,转换,1.,名词转译成动词,2.,名词转译成副词,3.,名词转译成形容词,名词转译成动词,英汉词语特点,汉语,中,动词用得比较多,，这是一个特点，往往在,英语,句子中只用,一个谓语动词,，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用,。,汉语中除了动词用得较多外，,兼语式,、,连动式,还有,动宾结构,等两个以上动词连用的现象也很普遍。,在英译汉中，英语中许多,抽象名词,是由动词派生出来的,，所以，翻译的时候，将名词,复原成动词,来表达，则更符合,汉语的习惯,。,example,He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.,总统声明，决心为保住其职位而奋斗，他对此表示钦佩。,谓语动词只有,admires,一个词，其他用的是过去分词（,stated,）、动词派生名词（,decision,）、不定式（,to,fight,）和介词（,for,）等,we,动词派生的名词转译成动词,由动词派生的名词转译成动词较多出现在,政论文体,中。,例,1.The 1967 UN document calls for the,settlement,of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab,acknowledgement,of Israelis right to exist.,1967,年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯,承认,以色列的生存权利的基础上来,解决,中东冲突。,含有动作意味的名词,（记叙、描写文体中较多）往往可以转译成动词。,例,2.The,sight,and,sound,of our jet planes filled me with special longing.,看到,我们的喷气式飞机，,听见,隆隆的机声，令我特别神往,。,example,3.,A glance,through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.,从他的办公室窗口可以,一眼看到,华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景,。,英语中,：,加后缀,-er,的名词,如,:teacher,教师，,thinker,思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有,较强的动作,意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，,往往可以译成动词,。,example,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is,a better teacher,than I.,我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟,教得比我好,。,w,example,Talking with his son,the old man was the,forgiver,of the young mans past wrong doings.,在和儿子谈话时，老人,宽恕,了年轻人过去所干的坏事,。,w,example,He is a good,singer,.,他,唱歌,唱得很好。,Those small factories are also lavish,consumer and waster,of raw materials.,那些小工厂还在极大地,消耗和浪费,原材料。,作为习语主体的名词,转译成动词,作为,短语中心主体词的名词,往往可以转译成动词，如,to have a rest,和,to have a good look at,里的,rest,和,look.,例：,You must be tired.Why dont you take a,rest,?,你要一定很累了，为什么不,休息,一会呢？,example,They,took a final look,at Iron Tower,still intact in the darkness.,他们,最后看了,铁,塔,一眼,它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中,。,example,The next news bulletin,shorter than usual,made no mention of,the demonstration.,下一个新闻节目比通常短，,没,有提到,游行,。,2.,名词转译成,副,词,example,When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist,his,instinct,is to win him over with charm and humor.,只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就,本能地,要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来,。,example,The new mayor earned some appreciation by the,courtesy,of coming to visit the city poor.,新市长有,礼貌地,前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感,。,名词转译成形容词,由,形容词派生出来的名词,，即以,-ness,-,ity,等结尾的名词，都可转化为形容词翻译。,example,This issue is of vital,importance,.,这个问题是,至关重要的,。,The,pallor,of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.,苍白的,脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。,Dont you think he is an,idiot,?,你说他,傻不傻,？,介词转换,介词转译成动词,英语与汉语相比，使用介词较多，而且有一些英语,介词本身就是由动词演变而来,。因此，在翻译时，英语中的介词或介词短语常译成动词。,example,Coming!“Away,she skimmed,over,the lawn,up,the path,up,the steps,across,the veranda,and,into,the porch.,来啦！,她转身蹦跳着跑了，,越过,草地，,跑上,小径，,跨上,台阶，,穿过,凉台，,进了,门廊,。,w,example,I barreled,straight ahead,across,the harbor and,out over,the sea.,我,笔直向前,高速飞行，,越过,港口，,飞临,海面,。,Colonel House was,between the sheets,by eleven.,十一点时，豪伍斯上校已,睡在被窝里,。,w,动词转换,动词转,译,名词,动词转,译,名词,英译汉时，有些动词很难按原词性翻译，这时就需要译成名词才符合汉语的表达习惯,。,example,A well-dressed man,who,looked and talked,like an American,get into the car.,一个穿着讲究的人上了车。他的,外表和谈吐,都像个美国人,。,有些英语,被动句,中的动词可以译成“,遭（受、得）到,+,名词,”、“,加（予）以,+,名词,”这类结构。,example,Satellites,however,must,be,closely,watched,for they are constantly,being tugged,at by the gravitational attraction of the sun,the moon and the earth.,由于经常,受到,太阳、月亮以及地球引力的,影响,，卫星活动必须,加以,密切的,观察,。,example,He,was treated,very shabbily by the press during this period.,在这期间，他,受到,了新闻界极不公平的,对待,。,I,was encouraged,by our president.,我,得到,了校长的,鼓励,。,还有一些动词本身是由名词转性而来，译成名词是需根据引申义添加动词,example,The West was,peopled,and farmed,and by the end of the century the frontier was no more.,西部,住上了人,，土地也开发了，于是到十九世纪末边疆就不存在了,。,example,When Joe Kennedy told Harold Laski that he would settle for nothing less than the presidency,he wasnt kidding,he was,Kennedying,.,乔肯尼迪曾对哈罗德拉斯基说，他若要干政治，那就得当总统，否则不如什么都不干。他这样说不是开玩笑，,而是典型的肯尼迪家族语言,。,形容词转换,1.,形容词转译成,副,词,2.,形容词转译成名词,3.,形容词译成,动,词,形容词转译成,副,词,英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的,形容词,往往转译成汉语,副词,example,Occasionally a drizzle came down,and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn,apprehensive,glances toward Zero.,偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使我们不时,忧虑地,朝着零区方向望去,。,example,It was a,clear and unemotional,exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.,这篇发言,清楚明白,、,心平气和地,说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因,。,example,This is,sheer,nonsense.,这,完全,是胡说。,Buckley was in a,clear,minority.,巴克利,显然,属于少数。,We must make,full,use of the technical equipment.,我们必须,充分,利用现有的技术设备。,形容词转译成名词,在英语中有些,形容词加上定冠词,，表示某一类人，翻译成汉语时，常译成名词。,example,They did their best to help,the sick and the wounded,.,他们尽了最大的努力帮助,病号和伤员,。,Robin Hood and his merry men hated,the rich,and loved and protected,the poor,.,罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨,阔人,，热爱并保护,穷人,。,形容词译成,动,词,example,Stevenson was,eloquent,and,elegant,but soft.,史蒂文森,有口才,、,有风度,，但很软弱,。,史蒂文森,善于辞令、举止优雅,，但,为人软弱,。,w,example,By dialing the right number,you may be able to select a play,golf lesson or lecture in physics,from a,pre-taped,library in a remote city,for showing on your home screen.,远方城市一座图书馆会,预先录制,一出戏、一堂高尔夫教学课或者一次物理学演讲。只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视上选看。,英语形容词“,be+,形容词,”的结构通常表示情感、知觉，往往可以转译成动词表达。,example,I am,worried,about his health.,我,为,他的健康,担忧,。,We are,satisfied,with what she did.,我们对她所做的一切,感到满意,。,与,思维和知觉,相关的形容词：,aware,conscious,certain,sure,mindful,ignorant,alert,等。,与,情感,相关的形容词：,glad,pleased,cautious,careful,angry,happy,exhilarated,excited,confident,thankful,grateful,concerned,eager,afraid,doubtful,sorry,等。,与,欲望,相关的形容词：,desirous,hopeful,anxious,keen,enthusiastic,zealous,example,Doctors have said that they are not,sure,they can save his life.,医生们说他们不敢,肯定,能救得了他的命。,Scientists are,confident,that all matter is indestructible.,科学家们,深信,所有的物质都是不灭的。,example,I am,anxious,about his health.,我,担心,他的身体健康。,The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.But I had to be,cautious,.,她能够给我带个信这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须,谨慎行事,。,副词转译,副词转译成动词,副词转译成名词,副词转译成形容词,1.,副词转译成动词,example,That day he was,up,before sunrise.,那天他在日出以前就,起来了,。,She opened the window to let fresh air,in,.,她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气,进来,。,After careful investigation they found the design,behind.,经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计,落后,了。,副词转译成名词,example,They have not done so well,ideologically,however,as,organizationally,.,但是,，,他们的,思想工作,没有他们的,组织工作,做得好。,He is,physically,weak but,mentally,sound.,他,身体,虽弱，但,思想,上进。,副词转译成形容词,英语动词译成汉语名词时，,修饰该动词的副词,往往转译成形容词。,example,He,routinely,radioed another agent on the ground.,他跟另一个地勤人员进行了无线电的,例行,联络。,The President had prepared,meticulously,for his journey.,总统为此次出访作了,十分周密的,准备。,example,This film impressed him,deeply,.,这部电影给了他,深刻的,印象。,Security laws require companies to treat all shareholders,reasonably equally,.,证券法要求公司给所有持股人,既合理又平等的,待遇,。,冠词转换,汉语中没有冠词,1.,翻译时省略，,2.,转,译成,其他词,。,example,Independent thinking is,an absolute necessity,in study.,独立思考对学习是,绝对必须的,。,It is,a two-way street,in politics,when you ignore people,they are going to ignore you.,这是政治上一种,有来必有往,/,礼尚往来,的现象，你不理睬人们，人们也就不理睬你。,example,The children are of,an,age.,孩子们是,同一年,生的。,Theres,a,Mr.Smith waiting for you.,一位自称是,史密斯先生的人在等您。,E-commerce is one way of doing business todayit will be,the,way of doing business tomorrow.,电子商务是进行贸易的一种方式，明天，它将成为开展贸易的,唯一,方式。,连词转换,英语中连词表示逻辑上的,各种关系和含义,，翻译时要表示出来。,example,Five,and,five is ten.,五,加,五等于十。,The distance is four kilometers,or,2.8 miles.,距离是四公里，,合,2.8,英里。,Let them call themselves Taiwan,and,we will invite them.,只要,他们称自己是台湾，我们就邀请他们参加。,语法陷阱,It is warm,not to say,hot.,（,not to say=and indeed;or possibly even),天儿即使不算热，也已经暖和了,。,天气很暖和，,甚至,有点热,。,The answer is illogical,not to say,totally wrong.,答案即使不是全错，也是不合逻辑的,。,答案不合逻辑，,甚至,是完全错误的,。,小结,词类转换的目的、前提、依据和基本方法：,目的：,达到翻译的目的,使译文语句自然流畅、清晰易懂,前提：,忠实再现原文内容,依据：,汉语自身的规律和结构,基本方法：,灵活多样、因地制宜,词类的变化往往会一起整个句子甚至段落结构的变化。,Assignments,1.,我们学院接受教委和市政府的双重领导。（名词转动词）,2.,孩子们看电视过多会大大地损害视力。（动词转名词）,3.,由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。（动词转名词）,4.,我完全赞成你的意见。（动词转介词）,Assignments,5.,改革开放政策受到了全国人民的拥护。（动词转名词）,6.,作者在文章中对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。（动词转名词）,7.,在有些欧洲国家里，人民享有最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（主动语态转被动语态）,8.,时间不早了，我们回去吧！（句型转换）,9.,学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。（名词转副词）,