高考英语复习语法专练四定语从句牛津译林版市赛课公开课一等奖省名师优质课获奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,高频考点一关系代词引导定语从句,关系代词包含:that,which,as,who,whom和whose。除了whose外其它关系代,词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语,whose在从句中充当定语来修饰名词。做,题时首先找出从句和所修饰先行词,然后分析从句结构(最好把先行词代入,从句),看看从句中终究缺乏什么成份,最终做出正确选择。要注意以下几个情,况:,考点清单,1.,当先行词是指物不定代词,all,some,none,something,much,the one,等时,关系,代词要用,that,。,2.,当先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,关系代词要用,that,。,3.,当先行词中现有些人又有物时,关系代词要用,that,。,4.that,不能引导非限制性定语从句。,1/36,5.关系代词whose修饰从句中作主语名词,表示所属关系,意为“,”,既,能够修饰人也能够修饰物。,6.当题干中出现such,the same时关系代词要用as,形成such.as,the same.as结,构。,典例1,(湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place,looks the same as it,must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.,答案which,解析句意:这真是一个令人愉快地方,它看上去和1前样子一样,有,蜿蜒街道和漂亮村舍。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为place,将,先行词代入定语从句后为:,The place,looks the same as.。由此可见关系词在,定语从句中作主语且指“事物”,故用which。,2/36,高频考点二非限制性定语从句中关系代词as与which区分,典例2,(江苏,21)The number of smokers,is reported,has dropped by,17 percent in just one year.,which,as,位置上,普通放在先行词后面,位置灵活,可位于句前、句中,也可置于句后,搭配上,无动词限制,从句谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动动词,如:see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等,意思上,意为“这一点”,表示“正如,正像那样”,答案as,解析句意:正如报道那样,吸烟人数仅在一年内就已经降低了百分之,十七。本题考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为整个主句内容,关系词在定,语从句中作主语,故填as。as is reported正如报道那样。,3/36,高频考点三“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,组成,句法功效,使用方法,名词/代词+of+关系代词,主语,表示所属关系,名词前通常有,定冠词修饰,可转化为,“whose+名词”结构,数词+of+关系代词,主语,表示部分与整体关系,数词还能够用some,many,most,each等不定代词替换,介词(短语)+关系代词,状语,有时可与关系副词交换,关系代词只能用which或whom,且不能省略,介词+关系代词+名词,状语,关系代词惯用whose,4/36,典例3,(安徽,28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon,school education depends.,答案which,解析句意:一些教授认为阅读是学校教育所依赖基本技能。先行词为,skill,将先行词代入定语从句后为:School education depends upon,the fundamen-,tal skill,.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作介词upon宾语;本句中介词upon已,被提前,故答案为which。,5/36,高频考点四关系副词引导定语从句,当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间介词,(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;,why=表原因介词(如:for)+which。,典例4,(北京,24)Opposite is St.Paul,s Church,you can hear some,lovely music.,答案where,解析句意:你们在对面圣保罗教堂能听到一些动听音乐。先行词为St.,Paul,s Church,将先行词代入定语从句后为:You can hear some lovely music,in,St.Paul,s Church,.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语,故用where。,6/36,高频考点五定语从句中主谓一致,1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数形式动词。,2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数形式动词。,典例5,Barbara is easy to recognize as she,s the only one of the women who,(wear)evening dress.,答案wears,解析句意:Barbara是唯一穿晚礼服女性,所以认出她很轻易。先行词为,the only one of the women,关系词在从句中作主语,先行词中心词是the only,one,从句谓语动词与之保持一致,用单数且表状态,故填wears。,7/36,知识清单定语从句,一、限制性与非限制性定语从句,(一)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区分,限制性定语从句对先行词起,修饰限制作用,;非限制性定语从句对先行词起,补,充说明作用,。非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往有,逗号,隔开。如:,He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.),他有两个儿子,他们在同一家企业上班。,He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two,sons.),他有两个在同一家企业上班儿子。,知识清单,8/36,1.关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略;,2.who(主语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替,也不能相互替换;,3.在“介词+which/whom从句”结构中,介词不能移到从句后面;,4.when,where,whose可用于非限制性定语从句中。,二、关系代词使用方法,(一)关系代词作用和分类,1.关系代词作用有三个:,(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句,把从句和主句连接起来;,(2)替换作用:关系代词在从句中替换它前面先行词;,(3)成份作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成份。,(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词使用方法,9/36,从句关系代词格,用于限制性和非,限制性定语从句,用于限制性定语从句,指人,指物,既指人又指物,主格词,who,which,that,宾格词,who(m),属格词,whose/of,whom,whose/of,which,whose,2.关系代词使用方法分类:,10/36,关系代词使用方法与分类有三点依据:,(1)依据所引导从句限制性和非限制性;,(2)依据所替换先行词是指人还是指物;,(3)依据它在从句中所充当成份主语、宾语、表语或定语。,(二)关系代词that 和which使用方法,1.限制性定语从句中,必须用关系代词that情况:,(1)当先行词是不定代词all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none时。如:,Do you have anything that you want to say?,你有什么要说吗?,You should hand in all that you have.,11/36,你应该把你有都交上。,(2)当先行词前面有the only,the very(恰恰,恰好),any,few,little,no,all等词修饰,时。如:,This is the very bus that I,m waiting for.,这就是我正在等公交车。,The only thing that we can do is(to)give you some money.,我们能做唯一事情就是给你一些钱。,(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词前面有形容词最高级修饰时。如:,This way is the best that has been used against pollution.,这是曾经用过最好抗污染方法。,This is the most interesting film that I,ve ever seen.,12/36,这是我看过最有趣电影。,(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。如:,This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.,这是去苏州最终一趟火车。,What is the first American film that you have seen?,你看过第一部美国电影是什么?,(5)当先行词现有些人又有物时。如:,Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?,你知道他们正在谈论人和事吗?,(6)当主句主语是疑问词who或which时。如:,Which is the bike that you lost?,13/36,哪辆是你丢自行车?,Who is the boy that won the gold medal?,赢得金牌那个男孩是谁?,(7)有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用that。如:,They secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pol-,lution.,他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产东西可能会造成污染。,(8)当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。如:,Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.,上海不再是过去那座城市了。,14/36,(1)在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用that。如:,Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.,海伦对最小儿子比对其它儿子好得多,这一点当然让其它儿子很嫉,妒。,(2)当动词短语中介词提前时,只用which,不用that。如:,This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.,这是鲁迅曾住过房子。,注意:在一些固定搭配动词短语中,因为动词和介词不可分割,所以不能把介,词置于关系代词之前。如:,This is the pen(which/that)I,m looking for.,2.当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词必须用which情况:,15/36,这是我正在寻找那支钢笔。,不能够说:This is the pen for which I,m looking.,(三)关系代词who,whom,that和whose使用方法,当先行词指人:关系词在定语从句中作主语时,用who/that,不可省略;关系,词在定语从句中作宾语时,用whom/who/that,能够省略;关系词在定语从句中,作定语时,用whose,不可省略。如:,She is the girl who/that lives next door.(关系词在定语从句中作主语)她就是住,在隔壁女孩。,That,s the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.(关系词在定语从句中作宾语)那就是我,教女孩。,16/36,This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.(关系词在定语从句中,作定语)这就是那位成就卓著科学家。,This is the house whose window broke last night.,=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.,=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.,这就是昨晚窗户坏了那所房子。,(四)“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句,1.当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用which或whom,而且不能省,略。如:,He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadn,t been cleaned,for at least a year.,17/36,他付给那个男孩10美元擦洗10个窗户,这10个窗户中大部分最少一年没擦,了。,In the dark street,there wasn,t a single person to whom she could turn for help.,在黑暗街道上,她没有一个能够求援人。,2.在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词宾语,而且作介词宾语关系代词能够省略。,如:,This is the hero,we are proud of.,这是我们引认为荣那个英雄。,18/36,This is the pen,I wrote the letter with.,这是我写信时用那支钢笔。,3.“介词短语+关系代词which”引导定语从句,这种结构引导定语从句常,与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句惯用倒装语序。如:,He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.,他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵高高大树。,4.介词+which/whom+不定式结构。如:,The poor man has no house in which to live.,=The poor man has no house to live in.,19/36,=The poor man has no house in which he can live.,那个穷人没房子住。,The beggar has no money with which to buy food.,=The beggar has no money to buy food with.,=The beggar has no money that he can buy food with.,那个乞丐没钱买吃。,(五)关系代词as引导定语从句,关系代词as既能够引导限制性定语从句,也能够引导非限制性定语从句,as在,从句中作主语、宾语或表语。,引导限制性定语从句惯用于以下句式:,20/36,1.,其中关系代词as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如:,We have found such materials as are used in their factory.,我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用那种材料。(as作主语),These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.,这些房子以人们预料那样低价出售。(as作宾语),He is not the same man as he was.,他和过去不一样了。(as作表语),注意:such.as引导定语从句与such.that引导状语从句区分:,He is such a clever boy as everyone likes.,21/36,他是一个人人都喜爱聪明男孩子。,He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.,他是一个如此聪明男孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。,第一个句子中such.as引导是定语从句,as在从句中作宾语;而第二个句子中,such.that引导是状语从句,从句中不缺任何成份。,2.such as.,such为代词,意为“这么人或物”,as在从句中作成份,修饰先行词such。如:,This book is not such as I expect.,这不是我想要书。(as作宾语),22/36,1.as 引导非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,又可在主句后,有时还可插入主,句中,而which引导非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同是二者都,可替换整个主句内容。如:,The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.,结果天气很好,超出了我们预料。,2.当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时,只能用as。如:,As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.,=The moon travels round the earth once every month,as/which is known to every-,body.,=It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every,month.,(六)关系代词as,which区分,23/36,=What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every,month.,众所周知,月球每个月绕地球转一次。,后两句属名词性从句范围。,另外,as多用于以下习惯用语中:as anybody can see正如人人都能看到那样;,as is well known=as is known to all众所周知;as we had expected正如我们所预,料那样;as often happens正如经常发生那样;as has been said before如上所,述;as is mentioned above正如上面提到。,3.当定语从句放在主句后面时,也并不是as就永远等于which。,(1)当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用which。如:,He came here very late,which was unexpected(not expected).,24/36,他迟到了,这是意料之外。,(2)当as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词被动语态。如:be known,be said,be,reported,be announced等。假如从句中行为动词是主动语态,普通用which作主,语。如:,She has been absent again,as is expected.,她又缺席了,这在预料之中。,Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.,汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。,(3)as惯用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was,said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears等结构中。如:,Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens.,25/36,像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。,She has read widely in Romantic literature,as it appears from her essay.,她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她文章中能够看出来。,(4)as依然保持作连词时某种含义。如:,David is tall,as are my brothers(=and so are my brothers).,戴维很高,我弟兄们也一样。,He opposed the idea,as could be expected.,不出所料,他反对这个意见。,(5)当非限制性定语从句谓语是一个复合结构时,只能用which引导定语从,句。如:,Betty always tells a lie,which her parents find strange.,26/36,贝蒂总是说谎,她父母以为奇怪。,三、关系副词使用方法,(一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间介,词(如:in,at,during等)+which;where=表地点介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;,why=表原因介词(如:for)+which。如:,I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which),我还记得第一次来北京那一天。,Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which),你能告诉我他上班办公室吗?,Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which),你知道他缺席原因吗?,27/36,(二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which)。有时为表示清楚,还能够在关系副词,where/when前加介词from,to等。如:,China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spread to Japan,Korea,Thai-,land and India.,中国是风筝故乡,从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。,(三)高考对关系副词where考查,高考试题中对于where考查趋于复杂,从先行词为“显著地点”转为“地,点含糊化”。实际上,对于where这个词,考生不能只了解为表地点。当先行,词表示某人/物situation,或某事所发展stage,或表示某事某个方面时都,可用where这个关系副词。如:,They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.,28/36,他们已经到了必须分手地步。,这种使用方法不是仅仅限于定语从句,特殊疑问句中where,名词性从句中,where都有这种使用方法。如:,Where will all this trouble lead?,这件麻烦事会惹出什么结果?,That is where you are mistaken.,那就是你错误所在。,29/36,引导定语从句关系代词及关系副词除了起连接主句和从句作用外,它们,还有一个最主要作用,那就是它们分别在定语从句中作成份。详细地说,关,系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中,作状语。所以,在选择关系词时,最主要是分析一下定语从句所缺成份,若,从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么必须用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那,么必须用关系副词。,试比较下面句子:,(1)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?,你还记得我们在青岛度过日子吗?,(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qing-,dao?,四、关系代词和关系副词比较,30/36,你还记得我们在青岛过暑假日子吗?,在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,所以须用关系代词that/which来引导从句;在句,(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,所以须用关系副词when来引导从句。,五、定语从句使用方法其它关键点,(一)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略。,(二)定语从句中谓语动词单复数形式与先行词单复数保持一致。,当引导定语从句关系代词在从句中作主语时,那么定语从句中谓语动词,在人称、数方面,应该与先行词保持一致。,1.one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词复数形式。如:,The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.,长城是吸引大批游客世界著名建筑之一。,31/36,Titanic,is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Holly-,wood.,泰坦尼克号是好莱坞制作最精彩电影之一。,2.the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数形式。如:,The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the,moon.,长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到建筑物。,Titanic,is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hol-,lywood.,在这些精彩电影中,泰坦尼克号是唯一一部在好莱坞制作电影。,注意:not the only one of.=one of.如:,32/36,Tom isn,t the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.,=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.,汤姆并非是唯一一个经过考试男孩。=汤姆是经过考试男孩中一个。,3.当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主句内容时,若as与which,作主语,则从句谓语动词用单数形式。如:,Great changes have taken place in China,as is known to all.,众所周知,中国发生了巨大改变。,He has passed the college entrance examination,which makes his parents quite,happy.,他经过了高考,这让他父母很高兴。,33/36,I,who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.,我你老师,将尽全力帮助你。,To own a computer in families,which we thought was impossible twenty years a-,go,now becomes true.,家里有台电脑,在前我们认为不可能事,现在变成真事儿了。,(三)注意way和time后接定语从句情况,1.当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”,关系词在从句中作状语)时,引导定语,从句关系词有以下三种形式。如:,What surprised me was not what he said but the way,he said it.,4.其它情况:,34/36,让我吃惊不是他说话,而是他说话方式。,注意下面两个句子中关系词不一样,试比较:,The way,he explained to us was quite simple.,他向我们解释那种方法很简单。,The way,he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.,他向我们解释句子那种方法不难了解。,35/36,2.先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that,可省略;若time作“一段时间,时代”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+,which引导定语从句。如:,This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.,这是那个总统第二次访问这个国家了。,I could hardly remember how many times(that)I,ve failed.,我几乎记不清曾失败过多少次了。,There was a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV,sets.,曾经有一个时期,没有收音机,没有电话,也没有电视。,36/36,