英语词汇学 Chapter 9 主要英语国家词汇特征.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 12,英语词汇的国别特征,Teaching focus:,1.American English and British English,2.Canadian,3.Australian,4.Neuzeland,1.American English words,1.1 History of American English,1607 Jamestown:permanent colony,1773-1783 War of Independence,英国政府于,1773,年颁布,茶税法,企图垄断北美的茶叶生意，他们给予东印度公司在北美倾销茶叶的专卖权。此举激起了殖民地人民的强烈反对。,12,月,16,日夜晚，,“,自由之子社,”,的部分成员登上三艘停泊在港口的英国运茶船，将船上,343,箱茶叶统统倒入大海。这就是有名的,波士顿倾茶事件,。,年月日，大陆会议通过,独立宣言,，宣告,美利坚合众国,诞生。,1783,年,9,月,3,日，英国正式承认美国独立。,1882 Noah Webster American English Dictionary:American language,Two wars of the world led to the changes of political status of Britain and America:,The degradation of Briton,The hegemony of America,霸主,Sir Earnest Gowers:symptoms of surrender by the older competitor to the younger and more vigorous,1.2 Causes leading to the differences between British and American English,1.2.1 The development of English,American colony:the 17th century English,Britain has developed.,17th English/American now in English,Gottengot,Mad,生气的疯狂的,rare,未煮熟的罕见的，稀罕的,fall,意为,“,秋天,”,来源于,the fall of leaves(,落叶时节,),而标准英语从乔叟,(Geoffrey Chaucer,约,13461400,年,),就开始用,“,autumn,”,一词,(,来自法语,),表示,“,秋天,”,bug,一词在美国英语中泛指,“,虫子,”,而现在在英国英语中却专指,“,臭虫,”,1.2.2 The independent development of American English,Assembly,President,Senate,Congress,Harmonica,Tar and feather,Telephone,To advocate,1.2.3 American English words borrowed words from other cultures:,Indian language:chinquapin,美国栗树,chipmunk,金花鼠,hickory,山核桃,hominy,玉米粥,igloo,园丁茅屋,French:bureau,局,cache,地窖,prairie,pumpkin,Spanish:abode,住处,lasso,套索,ranch,庄园,corral,畜栏,cockroach,Dutch:boss,scow,敞舱驳船,German:noodle,poker,拨火棍,seminar,semester,hamburger,frankfurter,牛肉香肠,1.2.4 Mutual influence of British and American English:,1775-1783:the predominance of British English over American English,1861-1865:the gradual independence of American English,After the Civil War,to date:the predominance of American English over British English,1.3 Differences between British English and American English,1.3.1 In vocabulary,Same words,different meanings,Different words,same meanings,1.3.2 In spelling and pronunciation,1.3.3 In grammar,1.3.1 In vocabulary,Same words,different meanings,Different words,same meanings,Words used only in one country,same word,different meanings,英音,美音,vest,汗衫,西服背心,Pants,短裤,裤子,Public school,私立学校,公立学校,Cupboard,壁橱,食品柜,cracker,爆竹,饼干,billion,万亿,十亿,pressman,新闻工作者,印刷工人,英音,美音,vest,汗衫,西服背心,Pants,短裤,裤子,Public school,私立学校,公立学校,Cupboard,壁橱,食品柜,cracker,爆竹,饼干,billion,万亿,十亿,pressman,新闻工作者,印刷工人,Different words share the same meaning,英音,美音,包裹,parcel,package,汽油,petrol,gas,大轿车,saloon,sedan,消声器,silencer,Muffler,酒吧,pub,Bar,垃圾,rubbish,garbage,律师,solicitor,lawyer,英音,美音,包裹,parcel,package,汽油,petrol,gas,大轿车,saloon,sedan,消声器,silencer,Muffler,酒吧,pub,Bar,垃圾,rubbish,garbage,律师,solicitor,lawyer,影片,film,Movie,电梯,Lift,elevator,汽车,Motor-car,Automobile,行李,Luggage,baggage,询问处,Inquiry office,Bureau of information,月票,Season ticket,Communtation ticket,寄宿,lodging,boarding,作业,task,assignment,影片,film,Movie,电梯,Lift,elevator,汽车,Motor-car,Automobile,行李,Luggage,baggage,询问处,Inquiry office,Bureau of information,月票,Season ticket,Commutation ticket,寄宿,lodging,boarding,作业,task,assignment,More examples:,American English 900,I guess you,re right.,British English 901,I suppose you,re right.,P.350-351,Words used only in one country,America characteristic words,：,Britain characteristic words,：,P.350,1.3.2 Difference in spelling p.352,美式拼写使有些词符合拼写规则或与读音一致,美式拼写省略重写辅音字母,省略不发音的字母,其它,P.352-353,Consistency between pronunciation and spelling,British,Fibre,Centre,Realise,Defence,Favour,Enquire,Gasolene,Catalogue,American,Fiber,Center,Realize,Defense,Favor,Inquire,Gasoline,Catalog,Omission of the second consonant,British,Traveller,Waggon,Programme,Cigarette,Whizz,American,Traveler,Wagon,Program,Cigaret,Whiz,Omission of the unvoiced sound,British,Axe,Good-bye,Plough,American,Ax,Good-by,Plow,British,Pedlar,Sceptic,Cheque,Smoulder,Mediaeval,Draught,Fuse,Tsar,American,Peddler,Skeptic,Check,Smolder,Medieval,Draft,Fuze,Tzar,1.3.3 In grammar,British,I,ve just had lunch.,Have you finished your homework yet?,American,I just had lunch.,Did you finish your homework yet?,British,have,Have you got a car?,She has got a beautiful new home.,He hasn,t got any friends.,American,do,Do you have a car?,She has a beautiful new home.,He doesn,t have any friends.,In preposition,British,Fill in a form,Meet somebody,Monday to Friday,Stay at home,American,Fill out a form,Meet with somebody,Monday through Friday,Stay home,In subjunctive mood,British,I insist that you should attend the meeting.,I move that Mr.Smith should be appointed secretary.,American,I insist that you attend the meeting.,I move that Mr.Smith be appointed secretary.,Canadian English,P.354-356,Australian English,P.356-357,New Zealand English,P.357-360,China English VS.Chinglish,China English:,1980,年葛传槼先生提出,“,中国英语,”,的概念。,谢之君认为,“,中国英语以规范英语为基础,能够进入英语交际,其使用频度和交际效果与使用者的水平有关,”,。,罗运芝简单概括为,“,中国英语是载汉语语言特征的英语变体,”,科举,翰林院,五四运动,赛先生,德先生,白话文,双百方针,人民公社,四个现代化,菜篮子工程,imperial examinations,hanlinyuan,May Fourth Movement,Mr.Science,Democracy,baihua wen,Two hundred policies,people,s commune,four modernizations,vegetable basketproject,小康水平,计划经济,”,fairly comfortable standard of living,planned commodity economy,China English,第一种,按汉语习惯说出的英语与其本族语者的英语并没有区别。如,economic control system,宏观调控体系,a collective ownership employee,集体所有制员工等。这些词是按照汉语习惯翻译的,但也符合英语的语言习惯。,第二种,有些中国英语虽然不符合或不完全符合英语本族语者的习惯,但符合语法。如,running dogs,走狗,work units,工作单位,one country two system,一国两制等。这些词语英语本族语者一般不会使用,具有鲜明的中国特色,但翻译出来也符合英语的语法,也能被英语本族语者的语言习惯。,第三种,有些中国英语虽然不符合语法,但是可能符合英语本族语者的习惯,能被接受。如,Hainanese,海南人等等。这类词都是根据英语本族语者的语言习惯创造出来的词。,第四种,有些中国英语目前确实还没有被所谓的,“,规范英语,”,接受,但是对于英语本族语来讲意思十分清楚,理解不成问题,或者一经解释就会明白,并且对于中国人来讲学习起来不费功夫,用起来得心应手,能够发挥语言作为工具的功能。如,people mountains and people seas,人山人海,iron rice bowl,铁饭碗,running dogs,走狗等等,这类词往往最具中国特色,最具中国标志,.,geli,ungelivable (2010,年中国网络英语新词汇,),Chinglish,中国式英语则是指中国的英语学习和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响,硬套汉语规则和习惯,在英语交际中出现的,不合规范,或,不合英语文化习惯,的,畸形,英语。,你的身体很健康。,张老师,你吃过了吗,?,好好学习，天天向上,给你点颜色看看,方便面,人山人海,Your body is very healthy,Teacher Zhang,Have you eaten up?,Good good study,day day up.,give you some color to see see,Convenience food,mountain people,sea people.,你的身体很健康,.,张老师,你吃过了吗,?,好好学习，天天向上,给你点颜色看看,方便面,人山人海,You look very healthy.,Mr.Zhang,How are you?,Study hard,and make progress every day,？,Fast food,A sea of people,Ex.5,7,8 P.365-368,Ex.5 P.364,1.block of flats,2.solicitor/barrister,3.pram,4.luggage van,5.gallery,6.bank note,7.grilled,8.draughts,9.guard,10.biscuit(sweet),11.biscuit(unsweetened),12.turn-ups,13.pack,14.nappy,15.drapery,16.chips,17.rubbish,18.dynamo,19.tramp,20.bonnet,21.caravan,22.crossroads,23.sitting room,24.digs,25.pillar box,26.flyover,27.parcel,28.record player,29.jug,pulsory,31.jumble sale,32.timetable,33.gymshoes,34.toffee,35.undercut,36.roundabout,37.boot,38.dinner jacket,39.roller blind,40.zip,Ex.7,1.draft,2.plow,3.liter,4.offense,5.pajamas,6.check,7.flier,8.skepticism,9.harbor,10.insure,11.cozy,12.maneuver,13.civilize,14.anemic,15.jail,16.inflection,17.mustache,18.esophagus,19.cue,20.show,ex.8,1.counselor,2.remold,3.ax,4.cigaret,5.jewelry,6.omelet,7.story,8.good-by,9.specialty,10.toward,11.wagon,12.catalog,13.aluminum,14.leveled,15.molt,16.program,17.judgment,18.license,19.amid,20.practice,