考研应用文分析.doc

三、题型解析

（1）书信
书信是人类交流的一种最古老也是最重要的方式之一，对于人类的交际具有重要的意义。大学生无论在何时何地，都需要因为各种原因而给相关人士写信，来表达自己的动机、目的和愿望等。书信分为私人信函和公务信函。私人信函属于非正式文体，一般是指与熟人、家人和朋友之间进行日常事务交流的信件。私人信件用词可以比较随意，但是语气要真挚。
公务信件则属于正式文体，通常用于商务和外贸场合，以及公司与公司之间、与客户之间的业务往来等。其中最实用也是最重要的包括辞职信、请求信、建议信、求职信、道歉信、感谢信、申请信、投诉信、询问信、邀请信和祝贺信等。
尽管书信类别多样，但是我们一定要牢记，所有的书信都是“万变不离其宗”，只要掌握其格式、框架和基本语气，就能够写出一篇质量上乘的书信出来。

书信的写作格式
当前的书信格式主要有英式和美式两种。英式结构即缩进式结构，属于比较传统的结构，即每一段的第一行都向里缩进4-8个字符，且所有段落的缩进距离必须保持一致；称呼顶格写，落款则在中间偏右的位置。美式结构则是齐头式结构，在商务英语中比较流行，尤其普遍运用于电子邮件的交流中，其特点是所有段落的第一行都顶格写，段与段之间空一行，另外称呼、落款等也都顶格写。具体如下所示：
缩进式：
Dear Kate,
I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition.
If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.
Yours,
Judy

齐头式：
Dear Kate,

I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writing. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good condition.

If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.

Yours,
Judy

书信的结构：
英文的书信结构通常包括6个组成部分：信头（heading，包括寄信人地址和日期）、信内地址（inside address，指收信人地址）、称呼（salutation）、正文（body）、结束语（complimentary）、签名（signature），有时候还包括附言（postscript）和附件（attachment）。具体如下图所示：
No. 5, Yiheyuan Road
Beijing, 100971, 信头
P.R.China
Mar. 12, 2007
Professor John Smith
13 Broadway Avenue 信内地址
San Francisco
California 93011
U.S.A

Dear Prof. Smith, 称呼
I am very glad to hear from you.
…… 正文
……
Yours sincerely, 结束语
Judy 签名

P. S.: …… 附言

一般的考研作文由于篇幅所限，只要求考生在书信中包括称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分，因此本章也重点讨论这四个部分需要注意的一些问题。
称呼：
称呼是书信的开头部分，是写信人对收信人的称谓。无论是私人信件、还是公务信件，一般都以“Dear”作为开头引出收信人的姓名和头衔。称呼的后面一般都要求加逗号。
在私人信件中，如果写信人与收信人关系比较亲密，则称呼可以比较随意，一般都是“Dear”后面直接加人名，如“Dear Anna, Dear Tom”等；或者“Dear”后面加长辈的称呼，如“Dear Papa, Dear Aunt”；如果关系不是非常亲密，则要称呼对方的姓，写做“Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mrs. Smith, Dear Miss Smith, Dear Ms Smith”。注意，在不知道女士的婚嫁状况的时候，宜用“Ms.”。
在公务信件中，一般的称呼格式是在收信人头衔后加姓，或者加收信人全名。要特别注意收信人的头衔。具体称呼方式及缩写如下：
男士：Mr.
女士：Mrs., Ms., Miss
教授/博士：Prof./Dr.
市长、法官、议员或其他高官：Hon. (Honorable，即“尊敬的”)
编辑：Editor
不知对方姓名：Dear Sir/Sirs, Dear Madam/Madams, Dear Sir or Madam, To Whom It May Concern

正文：
正文一般包括三个部分。第一部分是开头，需要开门见山地说明写信的原因和目的。如果是写给不认识的人，还要加上一个简单的自我介绍。如果是回信，还要说明何时收到对方关于什么内容的信。
第二部分是信的核心和主要内容，把开头提出的问题进行充分的说明和解释。
第三部分是信的结尾，通常以礼貌的祝福或者愿望来结束。如：
I am looking forward to your reply.
Please pass my best wishes to all your family.

结束语：
结束语是写信人对于收信人的谦称和致敬。
在私人信件中，一般可以用“Best wishes, Best regards, Best, Regards, Warmest Regards, Yours, Yours ever, Yours sincerely, Cordially”。如果是用于关系非常亲密的朋友或者亲人，则还可以用“Yours affectionately, Affectionately, Love, Lovingly, Cheers, Your devoted friend, Your loving son (daughter, nephew, niece, grandson, granddaughter, father, mother, husband, wife, etc.)”。
在公务信件中，一般可以用“Yours sincerely, yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours respectfully, Yours gratefully, Yours cordially”等。
特别是在给一些团体和不知名的个人的正式信件中，除了以上结束语外还可以采用以下形式：Truly yours, Sincerely yours, Faithfully yours, etc.
英文信件结束语形式非常多，对于考生来说如果能够掌握各种情况下的不同结束语自然最好，但是对于应试来说，考生掌握一个“Yours sincerely”就可以以不变应万变，因为这个结束语普遍适用于私人和公务信件。

签名：
关于签名的注意点就是，考试中不允许考生留下自己的名字，只能用“Li Ming”这个名字。

（2）备忘录
备忘录是用于各部门之间传递信息、提醒和督促对方做某事的一种文书。备忘录一般用于各种机构组织中，在大学生中用的比较少。备忘录有约定俗成的结构和格式，一般由五个部分组成：
To: 收文人
From: 发文人
Date: 日期
Subject: 事由，内容只需要用名词或动名词等少数几个词，甚至一个词做简略陈述。
Message: 正文，直入主题，列出最重要的信息或结论。
备忘录的内容有如新闻写作，需要包括以下几个要素：谁，什么，何时，何地，为什么。备忘录有可能是通知，也可能是呼吁人们参加某个活动或采取某个行动，因此，语气一般比较正式、礼貌且简明扼要，表达清楚准确，以使广大的读者能够迅速正确地理解。需要注意的是，备忘录的收文人只要写全名即可，无需称呼语，结尾处也不需要结束语和签名。

（3）便笺
便笺是为了各种目的而写的简短书信体留言，用于熟人、亲人、朋友和同事等之间对于近一两天内将发生事情的联系，如请假条、约会、告别、道歉、借东西、留言等。便笺的形式简单，语言随意、简洁且口语化。
相比较书信而言，便笺的语言和格式都更加轻松。便笺较短，因此必须言简意赅，避免繁文缛节。同时，便笺一般直接用收信人的名字，省略“Dear”等称呼，结尾处也不用结束语，直接签名。特别需要注意的是，便笺上一定要注明日期。其中美式英语的日期格式为“Mar. 20, 2007”，而英式英语的日期格式为“20 Mar. 2007”，两种格式都适用于考试。英语中12个月份的缩写如下：Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
便笺的形式如下：
Mar. 20, 2007 日期
Tom, 称呼
…… 正文
Anne 签名

第二节、经典信件背诵

1、辞职信 Letter of Resignation
现代人处在竞争非常激烈的大环境中。为了谋求更好的发展，有很多人，尤其是一些年轻人，辞职、跳槽的现象屡见不鲜。那么如何写辞职信呢？
写辞职信时要说明辞职原因，有时需说明离开的时间以给对方一个物色接替人选的时间，以免给所在单位造成不必要的麻烦。然后还要感谢对方曾经给过自己这样的工作机会。

写作“三步走”：
提出辞职—>说明原因，表示遗憾或感谢—>期盼回复

Tips:
在写作辞职信的时候语气一定要诚恳，尤其是要表达遗憾的心情，同时对于原雇主曾经给自己的这份工作机会表达感激之情。

（1） 2005年真题
Directions:
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, and stating your reason(s).
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing to inform you of my intention of withdrawing from my current position in this magazine.
Though having worked here for merely two months, I, unfortunately, find that this job is quite different from my expectation. First of all, I have to say that my salary is far from satisfying, which barely sustains me in this expensive city. Moreover, so far I have never had the responsibility of any challenging task.
I apologize in advance for any inconvenience it might bring to you.
Yours truly,
Li Ming

译文：
尊敬的王先生：
我给您写这封信是想辞去我目前在杂志中的职位。
尽管我在这里仅仅工作了两个月，但是我发现这份工作并不符合我的预期。首先，我的工资远远不能令人满意，使我在这昂贵的城市中生活艰难。此外，到目前为止，我没有机会负责任何具有挑战性的工作。
我为对此可能给您带来的不便致歉。
您真诚的，
李明

闪光词汇及词组：
intention: n.意图, 目的
withdraw from: 离开，撤出，退出
merely: adv. 仅仅，只，不过
be far from：远远不及，远远不够
barely: adv. 刚刚，仅仅，几乎不能
sustain: vt. 支撑，撑住，维持，持续
have responsibility of sth: 负责某事

万能句型：
I am writing to inform you of…
Though having…, I, unfortunately, find that…
First of all… Moreover…
I apologize in advance for…

（2）Directions:
You have worked in a Non-Governmental Organization for several years, but now you need to quit the job because you are moving to another city with your family. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Smith to tell him your decision and the reason, and your appreciation for the work experience in this agency.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
Dear Mr. Smith,
I am sorry to inform you by this letter that I plan to resign my present job in the next month. The main reason is that I will move to Qingdao to live permanently with my family, as Qingdao is my hometown.
Looking back upon my five-year experience in this organization, I have had a very happy and enjoyable time working with you and other colleagues, from whom I have received lots of help and have learnt much. Please accept my sincere gratitude, as well as my regret for not being able to serve here any longer.
Yours faithfully,
Li Ming

译文：
尊敬的史密斯先生：
通过这封信我很遗憾地告诉您我计划在下个月辞去目前的工作，其主要原因是我将和我的家庭一起搬回我的家乡青岛，并将在那里长期居住。
回顾我在这个组织中五年的工作经历，我与您和众位同事度过了非常愉快的时光，你们给了我很多帮助，也教会了我很多东西。请接受我最诚挚的感激，我也非常遗憾不能在这里工作更长的时间。
您真挚的，
李明

闪光词汇及词组：
permanently: adv. 长期的，永久的，不变的
look back upon: 回顾
enjoyable: adj. 令人愉快的
gratitude: n. 感激

万能句型：
I am sorry to inform you by this letter that I plan to…
The main reason is that…

2、请求信 Letter of Request
请求信是对收信人提出请求，并希望对方满足该要求。写请求信的重点是要写清楚为什么要请求他人做某事，请求他人做某事的原因。
写请求信时首先要说明写作意图，一定要注意语气要礼貌，用词要规范；然后具体展开说明请求的原因；最后表示希望对方予以答复。

写作“三步走”：
介绍自己、提出请求—>说明原因及其它事项—>表达谢意、期盼答复

Tips:
在许多情况下，请求信是写给不认识的人或者机构，所以在信的开头可以做一下简单的自我介绍。同时，由于提出的请求往往都是需要麻烦别人的事情，所以要注意语气的礼貌程度，不要吝啬你的感谢。

（1） 2006年真题
Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
To Whom It May Concern,
My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the hope of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support.
First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this plan owing to my decent income from part-time jobs. As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elementary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school. I would like to pay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university.
Thank you for your time.
Yours cordially,
Li Ming

译文：
有关负责人：
我叫李明，是北京大学的学生。我给您写这封信的目的是希望可以资助一名贫困学生，请您帮我物色一名合适的人选。
首先我想声明我有着实现这个计划的财政能力，因为我现在的兼职工作可以给我带来不菲的收入。至于具体的人选，我希望他/她是来自经济落后的中国西部地区的一名小学生，因为贫困原因而被迫退学。我将支付该学生的学费和其它杂费等，直至其大学毕业。
感谢您的时间和耐心。
您真挚的，
李明

闪光词汇及词组：
in the hope of: 希望
assistance: n. 帮助，协助
first and foremost: 首先
declare: v. 声明
possess: v. 拥有
implement: v. 实施
owe to: 因为，由于
decent income: 不错的收入
as to: 至于
less developed: 欠发达的

万能句型：
I am writing in the hope of your assistance to…
Thank you for your time.

（2）Directions:
You are preparing for your graduation thesis and are in urgent need of some reference materials. Write a letter to the National Library and ask for their help. Provide detailed information, and method of delivery and payment.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am a senior student from Tianjin University, and I wonder if you could spare some time to help me look for two reference books, Communication Principles and Organizational Communication, both published by Foreign Language Press in 2000.
The two books are of particular importance to my graduation thesis, but I failed to obtain them from my university library as well as local bookstores. Could you please tell me whether the National Library has the mentioned books? If so, could you please do me the favor of photocopying and sending them to me by EMS? I would like to pay for the relevant expense by cash or credit card.
Looking forward to a prompt reply from you.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming

译文：
尊敬的先生或女士：
我是天津大学的一名大四学生，不知道是否可以占用您的一点时间帮我找两本参考书？它们分别是《传播学原理》和《组织传播学》，都是由外语出版社于2000年出版。
这两本书对于我的正在写作的毕业论文有着特别的重要意义，但是我在我们的大学图书馆和当地书店都没有找到它们。不知道国家图书馆是否藏有着两本书？如果有的话，不知您是否可以帮我复印一下并用特快专递寄给我呢？关于相关费用我会通过现金或者信用卡的形式进行支付。
希望能够尽快得到您的答复。
您真诚的，
李明

闪光词汇及词组：
senior student: 大四学生
spare some time: 花一些时间
fail to do sth: 没能做成某事
obtain: v. 得到，获得
photocopy: v. 复印

万能句型：
I am wondering if you could spare some time to…
Could you please do me the favor of…
I would like to pay for the relevant expense by cash or credit card.
Looking forward to a prompt reply from you.

3、建议信 Letter of Advice
建议信是对收信人就某一问题提出看法、建议或忠告。建议信不同于投诉信，所以写信人一定要注意礼貌当先。建议信一般包括以下内容：首先说明写信的目的，其次，在肯定优点的基础上提出自己的建议或看法（否则别人以为你在投诉，而不是在提建议），最后表达希望采纳建议。

写作“三步走”：
自我介绍、说明目的—>委婉地提出建议及改进措施，或提出忠告—>礼貌地总结或期盼回复

Tips:
提建议毕竟不是投诉，所以语言一定要委婉、礼貌，顾及他人感情。在提出缺点之前，最好先肯定其优点

（1） 2007年真题
Directions:
Write a litter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
To Whom It May Concern,
As a student of this university, I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for your kind assistance as always. Meanwhile, I feel that it would be beneficial to express my views concerning the quality of the library service.
In the first place, I find that most keyboards of the library computers are in poor operation, which brings much inconvenience to the users. I would also recommend the library to improve the efficiency of purchasing new books and subscribing to academic journals. Last but not least, the study rooms need to be furnished with a better lighting system.
I hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming

译文：
有关负责人：
作为本校学生，首先我想利用这个机会对于您一直以来的帮助表示感谢。同时，我也想对图书馆的服务提出一些建议，相信将有助于服务的提高。
首先，我发现图书馆电脑的大部分键盘都有操作上的问题，给用户带来很多不便。我也想建议图书馆提高购买新书和定购学术期刊的工作效率。最后，自习教室的照明系统也需要进一步的改进。
我希望您能够认真考虑我的建议。
您真诚的，
李明

闪光词汇及词组：
take the opportunity to: 利用这个机会
beneficial: adj.有益的
keyboard: n. 键盘
purchase: v. 购买
subscribe to: 定购
be furnished with: 安装有
lighting system: 照明系统

万能句型：
I would like to take the opportunity to express my appreciation for your kind assistance as always.
I feel that it would be beneficial to express my views concerning…
In the first place…I would also recommend…Last but not least…
I hope that you take my suggestions into serious consideration.

（2）Directions:
Write a letter to the president of your college about the unpleasant conditions of the university dormitory, and suggesting possible solutions
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address.

范文：
Dear Sir,
As I am a freshman, I feel that it is my obligation to make some suggestions concerning the basic conditions of our dormitory.
Generally speaking, the dormitory building situates in a satisfying environment and is well-equipped. However, there are two unpleasant aspects that cause inconvenience to us: 1) the heatin