物理专业英语复习题库.doc

专业应试题库

一，专业词汇翻译
A spherical system of coordinates 球坐标系
Absolute scale绝对温标
Absolute temperature 绝对温度
Absolute zero 绝对零度
Acute angle锐角
Adiabatic process绝热过程
Adjacent邻近的
Amount of heat 热量
Amplitude振幅
Analytical expression解析式
Angular momentum角动量
Angular velocity角速度
Annihilate湮灭
Appreciable相当多的
Approximate solution近似解
Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的
Assume that 假设
At constant pressure定压
At rest静止的，
Axial symmetry轴对称
Axis of rotation转轴
Be independent of 独立的，
Be proportional to 与……成正比
Bend使弯曲的
Capacitor电容器
Center of mass质心
Centripetal force向心力
Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second）
Change in jumps 突变
Chaotic无序的
Charge by conduct 接触起电
Charge by induction 感应起电
Circulation motion圆周运动
Classical mechanics经典力学
Coefficient系数
Coherent相干性
Combustion engine内燃机
Comparison 参照物
Compensate 补偿，抵消
Conductor导体
Consecutive 连贯的
Consequently结果，因此
Conservation守恒
Considerable 相当大的
Constant常量
Constructive interference 干涉相长
Coordinate system坐标系
Coulomb’s law库仑定律
Counter-phase反相
Cross-sectional 横截面
Curl旋度
Curvilinear motion曲线运动
Cyclic process循环过程
Decrement衰减率
Denominator分母
Density密度
Derivative导数
Destructive interference干涉相消
Developing显影
Deviation from脱离 逸出
Diatomic双原子的
Difference差异
Diffraction衍射
Dimension 维
Discrete value离散值
Displacement位移
Distance 距离
Distribution function分布函数
Divergence 散度
Dynamics动力学
Elastic collision弹性碰撞
Electric dipole电偶极子
Electric field 电场
Electric potential 电势
Electric potential energy电势能
Electrically polarized电极化
Electrodynamics电动力学
Electromagnetic电磁学
Electron电子
Electrostatic静电
Elementary mass元质量，质量元
Embodiment体现具体化
Emulsion感光剂
Energy能量
Energy level 能级
Entropy 熵
Equilibrium平衡
Equipartition principle均分定理
Ether以太
Exposure曝光
External force外力
Factor因素
First law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律
Focal plane焦平面
Fraunhofer diffraction夫琅和费衍射
Free fall自由落体
Friction摩擦力
Gamma photon伽马射线
General theory relativity广义相对论
Geometrical几何的
Gradient梯度
Gravity重力，地心引力
Grow proportionally to 正比增长
Harmonic function调和函数
Harmonic oscillator谐振子
Heat 热
Heat capacity 热容
Heat engine热机
Heat transfer热传递
Hence因此
Histogram直方图
Hologram 全息图
Holography 全系照相
Homogeneous（反应堆）燃烧和减速剂均匀调和的
Huygens’ Principle 惠更斯原理
Hypothetical medium 假设介质
Ideal gass理想气体
Identical 同一的，完全相同的
Illuminate说明
Impart 给予
Impulse冲量
Inalienable不可分割的
Incident light入射光
Inclination倾角
Incoherene非相干的
Increase增加
Increment增量
Inertia惯性
Inertial reference frame惯性参考系
Infrared radiation 红外辐射
Initial moment 初始时刻
Instantaneous瞬间的
Insulator 绝缘体
Integral 积分
Interference 干涉
Internal energy 内能
Internal force内力
Intra-molecular energy 分子内能
Isotropic 各向同性的
Kinematics运动学
Law of cosine square余弦定理
Length contraction长度收缩
Macroscopic宏观的
Mass质量
Mass-energy conversion质能转换
Mean distance 平均距离
Mechanical equivalent of heat热功当量
Mechanics力学
Medium 介质
Microscopic 微观的
Molar heat gas capacity 气体摩尔热容
Mole 摩尔
Molecular physics分子物理学
Momentum动量
Monatomic单原子
Monochromatic light单色光
Motion运动
Multiply乘以
Neutron中子
Newton’s first law牛顿第一定律
Non-equilibrium state非平衡态
Normal acceleration法向加速度
Normal to 垂直于
Nuclei原子核
Nucleon 核子
Numerator 分子
Object beam 物体光束
Obtuse angle钝角
Operator算符
Overlap 重叠
Polarization两极分化极化
Parallel axis theorem平行轴定理
Parallel beams平行光束
Parallel rays平行光
Parallelogram method平行四边形法则
Parameter of state状态参数
Perfectly rigid body刚体
Perpendicular垂直的
Phase difference相位差
Phenomena现象
Piston活塞
Point charge点电荷
Point particle质点
Power功率
Preference优先权
Principle of relativity相对性原理
Probability可能性
Probability distribution function概率分布函数
Projection 投影
Propagate传播
Proton质子
Pseudoscopic幻视镜的
Quantitative conclusion定量结论
Quasi-static 准静态的
Radian弧度
Radius半径
Rarefaction稀薄的
Real image实像
Rectilinear motion 直线运动
Redistribution重新分配
Reference frame参考系
Reference wave参考波
Relative atomic mass of an element相对原子质量
Relative molecular mass of substance相对分子质量
Relaxation process弛豫过程
Relaxation time 弛豫时间
Reversible (process)可逆过程
Rotational inertia转动惯量
Scalar标量
Scalar field标量场
Semiconductor半导体
Semitransparent 半透明的
Solid angle立体角
Spatial coherence 空间相干性
Special theory of relativity狭义相对论
Specific heat capacity 比热容
Speed 速度速率
Stationary 固定的
Subscript下标
Superpose 重叠的
Superposition叠加
Symmetry对称的
Temperature温度
Temporal coherence 时间相干性
Terminal velocity末速度
Test charge检验电荷
The difference on optical path 光程差
The equation of state of an ideal gass理想气体物态方程
The magnitude of a vector向量的大小
The number of degree of freedom自由度数量
The reciprocal of 倒数
The refractive index折射率
The right-hand screw rule右手螺旋定则
The second derivative of 二阶导数
The square of distance距离的平方
The tangential acceleration切向加速度
Thermodynamic temperature scale热力学温标
Three dimensional三维的
Time averaged value时间均值
Time dilation时间膨胀
Timepiece计时器
Torque力矩
Torsion balance扭秤
Translation motion平动
Triatomic三原子的
Tuning fork音叉
Twin paradox孪生佯谬
Ultraviolet light紫外线
Undeformable body不可形变体，刚体
Uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动
Unit time单位时间
Vector field 矢量场
Vectors矢量
Velocity 速度,矢量
Virtual image虚像
Wave length 波长
Wave number波数
Weight重量

二、段落翻译翻译()
1、 For a stationary field, the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may depend on the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved. Forces having such a property are called conservative.
对于固定的场,力作用在质点上的公取决于初始位置和末位置,而与路径无关,具有这个性质的力叫保守力.
2、 A combination of bodies that are stationary relative to one another with respect to which motion is being considered an a timepiece indicating the time forms a reference frame.
由运动上相对静止的物体所组成的复合体，外加显示（记录）时间的仪器， 一起构成了参考系统。
3、 The concepts of an equilibrium, state and a reversible process play a great part in thermodynamics. All the quantitative conclusions of thermodynamics are strictly applicable(适用) only to equilibrium states and reversible processes.
可逆过程和平衡态是热力学里重要的部分,所有的热力学定量结论都严格适合于平衡态和可逆过程.
4、 If a gas is in equilibrium, its molecules move absolutely without order, chaotically. All the directions of motion are equally probable, and none of them can be given preference over others.
如果气体处于平衡态,那么气体分子运动就没有规律,无序的,分子朝各个方向上的运动的概率相等,没有比其他的更具有优势.
5、 Huygens’ principle: The theory by which light waves spreading out from a point source can be regarded as the superposition of tiny secondary wavelets.
惠更斯原理,点光源发出的光可以看成是次级微小光波的叠加.
6、 If we imagine a separate isolated body in a space where no other bodies are present, then we can not speak of the motion of the body because there is nothing with respect to which the body could change its position.
如果我们假设一个物体所处的空间中没有其他物体,我们不能说明这个物体的运动形式因为我们没有可以观测这个物体位置改变的参考物.
7、 Translational motion is defined as motion in which any straight line associated with the moving body remains parallel to itself .
平动可以定义为平动的物体上两点的连线在运动过程中保持平行.
8、 Dynamics studies the motion of bodies with a view to what causes this motion to have the nature it does, i.e. with a view to the interactions between bodies.
动力学研究的是物体运动的原因,即物体之间的相互作用.
10, Vectors are defined as quantities characterized by a numerical value and a direction and, also, as ones that are added according to the triangle or parallelogram method.
矢量具有大小和方向,而且还可以用矢量三角形和平行四边形法则合成.
11, We shall define internal forces as the forces with which given body is acted upon by the other bodies of the system and external forces as those produced by the action of bodies not belong to the system.
我们可以定义内力是由系统中其他物体产生的,外力是不属于系统的物体产生并导致物体运动的原因
12, Conservative forces can be defined in two ways:(1)as forces whose work does not depend on the path along which a particle passes from one point to the another, and(2) as forces whose work along any closed path equals zero.
保守力具有两种性质:保守力所做的功只与位置有关,与路径无关,闭合路径的功为零
14, We can thus use the function to determine the work done on a particle by conservative forces along any path beginning at arbitrary point 1 and terminating at arbitrary point 2 .
我们可以用来ep表示保守力对质点从任意点1道任意点2所做的功
15, Assuming that the reference frame relative to which we are considering the complex motion of a rigid body is stationary, the motion of the body can be represented as rotation with the angular velocity in a reference frame moving translationally with the velocity relative to the stationary frame.
假设参考系相对我们要研究的刚体是静止的,那么物体的运动可以看成是以w为角速度的转动和以速度为v的平动.
16, All the quantitative conclusions of the thermodynamics are strictly applicable only to equilibrium states and reversible processes.
热力学中所有的定量结论都严格遵守平衡态和可逆过程.
17, The absolute temperature is proportional to the mean kinetic energy of translational motion of the molecules of a substance.
绝对温度与物质的平均平动动能成正比.
18, The heat capacity of a body is defined as the quantity equal to the amount of heat that must be imparted to the body to raise its temperature by one Kelvin.
物体的热容为物体升高每开尔文所需要的热量.
19, Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule in a substance, measure in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvin..
温度,分子平均动能的量度,单位为摄氏度,华氏度和开尔文.
20, Absolute zero: the lowest possible temperature that a substance may have- the temperature at which molecules of a substance have their minimum kinetic energy.
绝对零度:物体温度最低的可能值.此时,分子具有最小动能
21, Multiplication theorem of probabilities: the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of statistically independent events equals the product of the probabilities of each of them occurring separately.
概率相乘定理:独立事件同时发生的概率等于每个事件单独发生概率的乘积.
22, Entropy: a measure of the disorder of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to the another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and therefore toward one of greater entropy.
熵:系统的无序程度,能量总是向着熵增加的方向进行转化.
23, By coherence is meant the coordinated proceeding of several oscillatory or wave processes.
相干性是振荡和波动过程的协调性
24, The superposition of waves producing regions of reinforcement and regions of cancellation. Constructive interference refers to regions of reinforcement; destructive interference refers to regions of cancellation.
光的叠加形成了加强区和减弱区,干涉相长形成加强区,干涉相消形成减弱区
25, There is no appreciable physical difference between interference and diffraction. Both phenomena consist in the redistribution of the light flux as a result of superposition of the waves.干涉和衍射没有明显的区别,两者都包含光通量的重新分配和两者都是光的叠加引起的
26, Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other.
同种电荷相互排斥，异种电荷相互吸引
27,The arrangement of the charges setting up the field being studied may change under the action of the test charge.
电荷形成的场会随检验电荷的移动而改变