2015年12月大学英语四六级阅读强化提高方法.docx

六级阅读强化解题思路

新六级阅读简介

阅读部分总体概述：
满分：249分，占比：35%
题目位于写作与听力之后，
第36－65题，解题时间40min分为Section A, B, C三个部分

Section A 选词填空
400词 分值5% 解题时间：10min
简介：该项共10题，考察考生词汇运用、语法、语言的连贯和一致、文章结构的能力。

Section B 信息匹配
1500词 分值10% 解题时间：15min
简介：该项共10题，考察考生快速搜寻信息的能力（定位）以及同义替换的能力。

Section C 仔细阅读
500词×2 分值20% 解题时间：15min
简介：该项共10题，考察考生把握文中具体信息及其推断、文章与段落结构、作者态度等能力。

六级成绩报道为：均值为500，标准差为70的常模正态分布。
报道分
百分位
报道分
百分位
报道分
百分位
报道分
百分位
330
1
430
16
530
66
630
98
350
2
450
23
550
76
650
99
370
4
470
33
570
84
670
99.5
390
6
490
42
590
90

410
10
510
53
610
95

六级考试难度是稳中有升的。原因有二：
1、经常改革，题目难多易少；
2、计分方式：常模转换分（标准分），常模群体为“全国若干所重点大学的近万名本科生组成”，若干所指：北大、清华、上海交大、复旦、中科大和西安交大。

六级阅读复习策略：
1、词汇为船，语法为桨，解题技巧为风；
2、重视一词多义、熟词生义现象；
3、多研究和把握长句结构；
4、做完题后一定要研究解题技巧；
5、限时训练与限地训练。

细节题方法介绍
细节题（一）：题型特征
一、细节题题干特征
1、紧抓题干关键词：
　　关键词又名定位词，即题干中的专有名词、一般名词、时间词、数词等，有时动词也可参与。用这种词回原文直接寻找定位句，一般情况下读完定位句就会有答案。
　　注意：关键词必须是全文不常见的词，不找文中常见的词。如果题干较长，关键词不能只找一个。找词组优于找单词本身。

2、注意题干中的时间词：包括in the early days, used to, currently等，防止原文给出不同时间，而设计答非所问的错误答案。

3、注意题干中的强调词：包括chief concern, real reason, most probably等，防止原文出现很多原因或理由，而设计答非所问的错误答案。最重要最强调的往往也与文章主题相关。

4、注意题干句子的主语：
　　弄清是否含有author, 分清作者观点和其他人的观点，防止答非所问。

例子
Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn't harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that.....
We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that ________. (05-6-11)
A. it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest
B. it destroys rainforest soils
C. it helps improve rainforest soils
D. it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils

It's possible that plutocrats are expressing solidarity with the struggling middle class as part of an effort to insulate themselves from confiscatory（没收性的）tax policies. But the prospect that income inequality will lead to higher taxes on the wealthy doesn't keep plutocrats up at night. They can live with that.
No, what they fear was that the political challenges of sustaining support for global economic integration will be more difficult in the United States because of what has happened to the distribution of income and economic insecurity.
60. What is the real reason for plutocrats to express solidarity with the middle class?
A. They want to protect themselves from confiscatory taxation.
B. They know that the middle class contributes most to society.
C. They want to gain support for global economic integration.
D. They feel increasingly threatened by economic insecurity.

二、原文的考点特征：
1、对应原文转折句：如含有however, but, nevertheless, on the contrary等词的句子；
　如果首末段有转折句，一定要看，与文章主题相关。
　所有转折中，however处设计正确答案的可能性最高。
2、对应原文因果关系：如含有because, thus, as a result等词的句子，常见于题目问到why；
有时因果关系会用一些短语表示，如amount to / attribute to / in that / out of等。
3、对应原文强调描述：如含有especially, primarily, most, only, adj.最高级等词的句子。
4、对应系表结构（...is/are...）所在的长句，如：The prime difference is that.....
What they fear was that.....
5、对应原文的递进与总结：如all in all, in conclusion, moreover, in addition等。
注意：如果题目没有对应上原文的这些特征，也属正常。定位的唯一依据是题干信息。

例子
America's injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, but they still faced a number of tough legal barriers. For example, employees had to prove that their injuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant about potential hazards in the workplace.
One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in the early 19th century was that _______. (02-12-28)
A. they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law
B. different states in the U.S. had totally different compensation programs
C. America's average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of living
D. they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accident

I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment (扮演角色), performance, dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching. Students must be incorporated, made, so far as possible, an integral part of the learning process. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. (03-6-26)
The author believes that a successful teacher should be able to _____.
A. make dramatization an important aspect of students' learning
B. make inspired play an integral part of the learning process
C. improve students' learning performance
D. make study just as easy as play

细节题（二）：正确答案与错误答案特征
正确答案的特征：
1、符合题意，忠实原文；
2、是原文定位句的同义转述，含有同义词替换：解释型（最常见）
3、是原文定位句的取反表达：取反型
4、是原文某几句话的概括总结：总结型

例子
Motivated in part by Christian compassion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the world's first workers' compensation law in 1884.
The world's first workers' compensation law was introduced by Bismarck ______. (02-12-31)
A. to make industrial production safer
B. to speed up the pace of industrialization
C. out of religious and political considerations
D. for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movement

Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches. (02-12-38)
Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?
A. Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.
B. Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.
C. Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted population growth.
D. Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.

The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.
It seems that the controversy over the value of MBA degrees had been fueled mainly by ________. (02-6-22)
A. the complaints from various employers
B. the success of many non-MBAs
C. the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplines
D. the poor performance of MBAs at work

错误答案的特征：
1、无中生有：
　　出现原文没有的细节，如增添了不相关的名词或动词，或把某一句话画蛇添足。
2、偷换概念：
　　将定位句的名词或动词，换为与文章有关的另一个名词或动词，这一点难以察觉，值得谨慎。
3、正反混淆：
　　表述与原文的感情色彩相反，常为动词或形容词的错误。
4、因果颠倒：
　　将定位句中两事物出现的顺序颠倒，常通过表示因果关系的词来替换。
5、答非所问：
　　表述与原文一致，可惜不是题目问的（注意题目的主语是否与原文定位句的主语一致）。
熟练掌握错误答案的特征分成两种类型，一类是符合题干的错误（错词），一类是不符合题干的错误。

例子
The highly precise data from the two instruments—which, Bille hopes, will one day be found at the opticians (眼镜商) all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer's vision.
Individualized contact lenses (Line 7, Para. 2) are lenses designed ________. (03-6-38)
A. to work like an astronomical telescope
B. to suit the wearer's specific needs
C. to process extremely accurate data
D. to test the wearer's eyesight

Bille's lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 2000, and one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients' visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer, who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days. The physicist expects the lenses to cost about a dollar a pair, about the same as conventional one-day disposable lenses.
Which of the following is true about Bille‘s lenses? (03-6-40)
A. Their production process is complicated.
B. They will be sold at a very low price.
C. They have to be replaced every day.
D. Purchase orders can be made through the Internet.

Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialise and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat (栖息地) loss and to diminishing biodiversity. (08-12-53)
53. Specialisation and the effort to increase yields have resulted in _____.
A. localised pollution
B. the shrinking of farmland
C. competition from overseas
D. the decrease of biodiversity

常见表示因果关系的短语：
A result in B A amount to B A give birth to B
A account for B A responsible for B A give rise to B
（以上短语A为原因，B为结果）

A result from B A attribute to B A owe to B
A originate from B 　 A derive from B A stem from B
（以上短语B为原因，A为结果）

细节题（三）：处理文章中的单词、句子
一、文章中不认识的单词（词汇题做法）：
1、标志：题干引用原文一个超纲单词，问其意思；
2、做法：
　　词根词缀法：适合有明显词根词缀的单词；用此法的考生必须熟记常见的词根词缀，尤其是词根。如cess / gress表示“向前走”，verse / volve表示“旋转”，tain表示“维持、容纳”，ject表示“投、抛”，clude表示“关闭”，cide / cis表示“杀”等。

上下文猜测法：包括上下文同样词性的词（如均为名词），同样语法位置的词（如均为主语），句间关系（如因果、条件、并列关系等）；如：
A and B, A, but.... B.... In spite of A, .....B.....

代入法：将四个选项的单词一一代入后阅读，根据语感看哪个最通顺。

例子
Some futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge (剧增) of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather work than marry. The converse (反面) of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages.
The word “portend” (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to “_____”. (03-12-26)
A. defy B. signal C. suffer from D. result from

War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.
The word “allegiance” (Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to _____. (02-6-34)
A. loyalty B. objective
C. survival D. motive

二、如何处理长句：
1、主语从句（it做形式主语），如：
Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
2、宾语从句，如：
Our enormously productive economy demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, out ego satisfaction, in consumption.
3、定语或同位语从句，如：
The conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.
4、分清that的意思，如：
　The politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to 'economics needs', that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are 'near the market' and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time.
　A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people's vision sharper than that of cats.

例子
Most government, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise have brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines 'our scientists' have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments (病痛), and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which......
What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research? (05-12-24)
A. Support from the votes.
B. The reduction of public expenditure.
C. Quick economics returns.
D. The budget for a research project.

At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to 'economics needs', that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are 'near the market' and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply.
Scientist have to adapt their research to ‘economic needs’ in order to ________. (05-12-32)
A. impress the public with their achievements
B. pursue knowledge for knowledge's sake
C. obtain funding from the government
D. translate knowledge into wealth

Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.
Why won’t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research? (05-12-33)
A. They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.
B. They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.
C. They know it takes patience to win support from the public.
D. They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.

例证题与推理题
例证题：
1、标志：题干含有case / example; show / illustrate; mention / quote等词或其同义词；
2、做法：
　　将例子定位原文，确定例子的起始点；往例子的前面或后面（一般是前面）寻找其所证明的观点句。
　　有时候该例子如果散布全文，或充斥整段；一般是证明文章主题。
3、错误答案一般来自于例子本身的细节，或文章中的细节；总之不是观点的内容。
这种题目有时会这样出：By referring to......, the author intends to show that______.

Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, ......About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, “Never was so dull a boy.”
The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmith's teachers ________. (04-6-27)
A. to show how poor Oliver's performance was at school
B. to illustrate the strong will of some gifted children
C. to explain how dull students can also be successful
D. to provide support for his argument

Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the m