Summary的写作技巧和常见句型.doc

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型
一、概括原文
（一）阅读
1.读懂文章
读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。
认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2.拆分文章
按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。
段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。
3.概括主旨
写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。
（二）基本结构和技巧
1.重新拟定标题
给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
2.阐述观点
摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。
3.词汇运用
注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.
4.删除细节
只保留主要观点。
5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”
可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”
可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：
“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：
“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”
可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：
Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
可以用第三人称概括为：
Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.
7.注意问题
（1）避免重复
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
（2）不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者
（3）概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4
（4）不要过多照搬原作者的用词，用句
（尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句）。
（5）最后检查一遍，确保文中没有语病，没有语法错误和拼写错误。
二、论文摘要
摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此，摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、手段等；（3）结果（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息价值。
（一）引言部分
1.回顾研究背景
常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。
This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about…….
2.阐明写作或研究目的
常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如：
To investigate the mechanism of…….
3.介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围
常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。
Here we study the…….
This article includes a brief review of………
（二）方法部分
1.介绍研究过程
常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。
We present an analysis of …….
2.说明研究或试验方法
常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。
We have developed a……model to estimate ……..
This study presents estimates of……..
（三）结果部分
1.展示研究结果
常用词汇有：show, result, present等。
We show this cell death to be dependent upon……
Our results suggest that……
2.介绍结论
常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude等。
By means of a series of examples, we conclude that……
（四）讨论部分
1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点
常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。
The results suggest that……
In this study, we describe …….
2.阐明论证
常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。
3.推荐和建议
常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。

SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.
一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。
如何写英文摘要
概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
　　它可以包括三个组成部分
　　①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
　　②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
二、常见句型　　
1)This paper deals with..
2)This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).
　　3)This essay presents knowledge that...　　
4)This thesis discusses...
5)This thesis analyzes...
6)This paper provides an overview of...　　
7)This paper elaborates on ..
8)This article gives an overview of...　　
9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.　　
10)This paper includes discussions concerning...　　
11)This paper presents up
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes..
16)This essay represents the proceedings of .　　
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...　　
19)This paper provides a method of ...　　
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...　　
21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...　　
22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...
　　 23)This article explores...　　
24)This paper expresses views on...　　
25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...　　
26)This paper explains the procedures for...?　　
27)This paper develops the theory of ..　　
28)This article reviews the techniques used in...　　
29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...　　
30)This article is about...　
31)This essay is related to ...　　
32)This paper concerns...　　
33)This paper gives an account of ...　　
34)This article tells of...　　
35)This paper tries to describe...　　
36)This paper provides an analysis of ...　　
37)This paper reports the latest information on ..　　
38)The author of this article reviews..　　
39)The writer of this paper discusses...　　
40)The writer of this essay tries to explore...　　
41)The aim of this paper is to determine..　　
42)The purpose of this article is to review...　　
43)The objective of this paper is to explore...　　
破题用语，一般有：　　
①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something…　
②This article has been prepared (or: designed, written )….　　
③The purpose of this article is to determine something….　　
④The problem of something is discussed …….
结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：　
①The author suggests (recommends, concludes)that……
②This article shows that….　
③It is suggested that…….　　
④The author's suggestion (or: conclusion )is that …
⑤The author finds it necessary to ….