高中英语必修一课文详解Book-1-unit-2.doc

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必修一 Unit 2 English around the World
I．Vocabulary
subway n. 地下人行道；（美）地铁
elevator n. 电梯；升降机
petrol n. 汽油 （=美gasoline）
oficial adj. 官方的；正式的；公务的
voyage n. 航行；航海
conquer vt. 征服；占领
because of 因为；由于
native adj. 本国的；本地的 n. 本地人；本国人
come up 走近； 上来； 提出
apartment n. 公寓住宅；单元住在
actually adv. 实际上；事实上
base vt. 以……为根据 n. 基部；基地；基础
be based on 以……为根据
at present 现在；目前
gradual adj. 逐渐的；逐步的
gradually adv. 逐渐地；逐步地
enrich vt. 使富裕；充实；改善
vocabulary n. 词汇；词汇量；词表
make use of 利用；使用
take advantage of 利用； 使用
spelling n. 拼写；拼法
latter adj. 较后的；后半的；（两着中）后者的
identity n. 本身；本体；身份
fluent adj. 流利的；流畅的
fluently adv. 流利地；流畅地
such as 例如……; 像这种的
frequent adj. 频繁的；常见的 frequently adv.
usage n. 使用；用法；词语惯用法
command n. & vt. 命令；指令；掌握
have a good command of … 精通；掌握
request n. & vt. 请求；要求
at sb’s request 应某人邀请
dialect n. 方言
expression n. 词语；表示；表达
midwestern adj. 中西部的；有中西部特征的
play a part (in) 扮演了一个角色； 参与
eastern adj. 东方的；东部的
southeastern adj. 东南方的；来自东南的
northwestern adj. 西北方的；来自西北的
recognize vt. 辨认出；承认；公认
lorry n. (美= truck)卡车
accent n. 口音；强调；重音
lightning n. 闪电
straight adv. 直接；挺直 adj. 直接的
block n. 街区；块；木块；石块
cab n. 出租车

II. Reading The Road to Modern English
At the end of the 16th century, about five to seven million people spoke English.译文：在16世纪末，大约有500万至700万人说英语。【注释：at the end of …：在…末尾；at the end of the day最终，到头来；be at (have come to) the end结束，完成；be at the end of到了…的尽头；几至耗尽； all ends up完全地，彻底地；in the end最后，终于；by the end of…:到…为止。】 Nearly all of them lived in England.译文：他们几乎都住在英格兰。 Later, in the next century, people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world and because of that, English began to be spoken in many other countries.译文：后来，在随后的一个世纪里，来自英格兰的人航行征服其它地方，因此，在许多其它国家开始说英语。【注释：because of意为“因为，由于”，后跟名词、代词或动名词，在句中作状语；owing to意为“把成绩或功劳归功于…”,在句中作状语和表语, 如：He has made great progress in English owing to your tutorship.. 而due to则是指“把失败或挫折归咎于…”，在句中作状语和表语,如： Due to the extreme cold, we were unable to plant the trees.由于天气很冷, 所以我们无法去植树。 thanks to意为“幸亏”，只作状语，如：This is a great success,—— thanks to your help.】 Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before.译文：如今，人们比以前更多地把英语当成第一、第二或一门外语。【注释：as介词，意为：当作，作为。】
Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. 译文：即使当地说英语的人说的不是同一种英语，他们也能彼此懂得。【注释：①native speaker
说本族语的人,。native（常与to连用，指动植物）特产的，原产于；（也可以指品质）与生俱来的，天赋的，天生的。如：1）Banana is native to Taiwan.香蕉是台湾的土特产。2) He has a great deal of native intelligence, ability, charm, etc. 他天生聪明、能力强、有魅力等。②even if = even though意为“即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。如：I wouldn't lose courage even if I should fail ten times.即使要失败十次, 我也绝不灰心。{试题：⑴ Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, ____　they knew it to be valuable.
A. as if B. now that C. even though D. so that
⑵ Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _____ they are different from your own.
A. until B. now that C. even though D. as though 】
Look at this example: 译文：看这个例子：
British Betty: Would you like to see my flat?译文：英国的Betty:你愿意来看我的公寓吗？【注释：Would you like to …:愿意，意欲； would like sth.想吃...； 想要....】
American Amy: Yes. I’d like to come up to your apartment.译文：美国的Amy: 好的，我很想来看你的公寓。【注释：①come up:走近，上来，发芽，发生，（意见、观点）被提出(My idea has come up我的意见已经被提出来了)，（太阳、月亮）生起。如：1） He came up and introduced himself. 他走上前来作自我介绍。 2） I’ll let you know if anything comes up.如果发生什么事的话，我会让你知道的。注意：come up with表示：想出，提出。如：I came up with a proposal and it soon came up at the meeting.我想提出一条建议，很快这条建议在会上被提出来了。{试题：They thought about it for a long time, but still couldn’t ____ a solution. A. come up B. come up with C. get along with D. come out} ②flat (英)公寓；apartment (美)公寓。③I’d like to …: 我愿意…; 我很想…。如：I’d like to help you with your English.】
So why has English changed over time? 译文：为什么英语会随时间而改变呢？【注释：over time随着时间的过去。】Actually all languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.译文：实际上，在文化碰撞和交流过程中，所有语言都会改变和发展。【注释：①meet with偶然碰到，碰到；遭受，受到；和…会面。如：1）She met with an old friend at a dinner party.她在一次宴会上偶然遇到一位老朋友。2）Again and again the test met with no success.这一试验一再遭到失。3）He met with the Prime Minister of Japan for an hour.他和日本首相会见了一个小时。②communicate with…:与…联系，与…交流，与…沟通。如：I communicate with him regularly by letter.我与他定期通信。】 At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.译文：起初，在公元450年至公元1150年在英国所说的英语不同于现在所说的英语。【注释：①at first起初，开始。②spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150， 以及spoken today是过去分词短语作定语，相当于定语从句which was spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150. 注意：过去分词作定语表示该分词与所修饰的词之间的关系式被动关系。 ③be different from…： 与…不同。
{考题：1. (09全I-35) Now that we’ve discussed our problem, are people happy with the decisions ___?
A. take B. taking C. taken D. to take
2. (09京-24) For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit ____ on his own farm.
A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow
3. (09申-33) With the government’s aid, those ____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.
A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected
4. (09赣-22) ____ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into international stars.
A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given
5. (08湘-26) The trees ____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down
6. (08赣-28) We finished the run in less than half the time _____ .
A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows
7. (08浙-13) It is one of the funniest things _____ on the Internet so far this year.
A. finding B. being found C. to find D. found
8. (08闽-33) —— Can those ____ at the back of the classroom hear me?
—— No problem.
A. seat B. sit C. seated D. sat
9. (07湘-34) “Things ____ never come again!” I couldn’t help talking to myself.
A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. have lost
10. (06京-28) There have been several new events ____ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
11. (06鲁-29) Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title _____ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.
A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given
12. (05京-32) The prize of the game show is $ 30,000 and an all expenses ____ vacation to China.
A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid 答案1-12: CACDB CDCAD CB}】 It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.译文：当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而不是以我们今天所说的英语为基础。【注释：more… than …：与其说… 不如说….。如：He is more lazy than stupid.与其说他蠢笨，不如说他懒惰。 注意：⑴more than + 名词，表示“不仅是，不只是”，相当于not only; 如：Hibernation is more than sleep.冬眠不仅仅是睡觉。 ⑵ more than + 数词，表示“超过，多于”，相当于over; 如：There’re more than 50 students in our class. 在我们班有50多名学生。⑶ more than + 形容词/副词，表示“非常，十分”，与“very”同义； 如：In class, she is more than attentive.在课堂上，她非常认真听课。 ⑷ more than + that sb. can/could do oneself. 表示“超出某人能力范围，或超出了…范围”。如：The job is more than I can do myself 那工作超出了我的能力范围。 ⑸ no more than意为“只有、仅仅”,相当于only； 而not more than表示“至多，不超过”，相当于at most; {试题： Mr. Brown is ____ a teacher to us; we look on him as our friend. A. more than B. more or less C. less than D. more and more } ②be based on …：以…为基础。注意：可以用based on的独立结构形式作状语，类似于according to. On the base of…：以…为基础。{试题： ____ on this report, the English government decided to ask Captain James Cook to go and look for this continent. A. Having based B. Basing C. Based D. To be based } ③at present目前，现在。 For the present现在，目前。 Be present at …:出席…。 present sth. to sb.把某物作为礼物送给某人。】 Then gradually between about AD 800 and 1150, English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. 译文：然后,在公元800年至公元1150年期间，由于那些统治英格兰的人先说丹麦语，后来又说法语，这样英语就逐渐变得不像德语了。【注释：① become less like变得不像。 ②who ruled England是由who引导的定语从句，who为关系代词，代指前面的先行词those,用于指“人”。 ③{辨析：rule, govern, control都有“管理，支配，控制”之意，当govern和rule用作“统治，控制”一个国家时，可以互换。但，⑴rule是正式的、庄重的的用语，常用贬义，比govern更专权地管理或统治，含有专制或独裁的意味。⑵govern指靠权力、专制或按宪法来系统地管理、统治国家、城市、机构等，含有需要知识和判断力来治理和管理的意味。⑶control指人对事物的一般控制与约束，含有强制使其服从的意味。{试题：1）Alexamder the Great _______ (over) a large empire. 2) She couldn’t ________ herself that moment. 答案：1) ruled; 2) control} }】 These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary.译文：这些新定居者丰富了英语语言，尤其是在词汇方面。【注释：①enrich是en + rich构成的派生词，意为“使丰富”，其结构式为“en + 形容词”,（比如：enlarge扩大，encourage鼓励）。 ②especially表示递进关系，意为“尤其是”，而specially则表示目的，意为“专门地，特殊地”。 试题：1）he despised them all, _______ Sylvester.他瞧不起他们所有的人，尤其是西尔维斯特。2) I came here ___________ to see you.我特地到这里来就是为了看你。答案：1） especially； 2）specially。】 So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. 译文：所以，到了十七世纪莎士比亚比以前能使用更为宽泛词汇。【注释：make use of…利用，使用； make full use of…充分利用；make good use of…好好利用；make little use of …不充分利用；take full advantage of…充分利用。例如：1) We should consider what use can be made of such a material. 2) In my opinion, the old shopping bag can still be made use of. 试题： 1) The money collected should be made good use ____ the people who suffered a lot in this terrible earthquake. A. of helping B. to help C. to helping D. of to help 2) The manager of the company told us that very little ____ was made of the waste material in the past. A. cost B. value C. use D. matter】 In 1620 some British settlers moved to America.译文：在1620年，一些英国移民移到美国。 Later in the 18th century some British people were taken to Australia too.译文：后来，在18世纪一些英国人也被带到澳大利亚。【注释： sb. is taken to sp.某人被带到某处。】 English began to be spoken in both countries.译文：在这两个国家开始说英语。
Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.译文：最终，到19世纪这种语言稳定下来。【注释：settled adj. 不变的,不大可能改变的,稳定的. 例如：Once we get settled, we must ask the neighbours in for coffee.我们一安顿下来,就一定请邻居来家里喝咖啡。】 At that time two big changes in English spelling happened: first Samuel Johnson wrote his dictionary and later Noah Webster wrote The American Dictionary of the English Language.译文：当时，英语拼写出现两大变化：首先Samuel Johnson写了一部词典，后来Noah Webster写了美国英语词典。【注释：at that time当时，在那时】 The latter gave a separate identity to American English spelling.译文：后者对美国英语拼写给予单独特性。【注释：the latter后者；与其意思对应的是the former“前者”； latter adj. 后者的，后半的，接近终了的； late adj. 迟的，晚到的；later adv较晚地; lately adv. 近来，最近，不久前。例如：1）Have you seen him lately?你最近见到过他吗? 2）We later learnt that this wasn't true at all.我们后来了解到根本不是这么回事。】
English now is also spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.译文：现在在南亚，英语也作为一门外语或第二语言。 For example, India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.译文：例如，由于英国从1765年至1947年统治印度，所以印度拥有大量的能流利说英语的人。【注释：①a large number of …许多，大量的。 注意以下短语后跟的名词不同：
(1) a large/ great/ good number of (2) a great/ good deal of
a great/ good many + 可数名词 a great/ large amount of + 不可数名词
a good few n.[c] quite a little n.[u]
后跟单数式谓语动词
quite a few the number of + n.[c]
(3) a lot/ lots of (4) an amount of + n.[u]
a great/ large quantity of + 可数名词复数 a quantity of + n. [c,u]
后跟非单数式谓语动词
large quantities of 或不可数名词 amounts of + n.[u]
plenty of n.[u,c] quantities of + n.[u,c]
试题：As you can see, the number of cars on our roads ____ rising these days. A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping 】 During that time English became the language for government and education. 译文：在此期间，英语成为用于政府和教育的语言。English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa. 译文：在新加坡、马来西亚以及非洲一些国家如南非也说英语。【注释：such as用来列举出前文所讲的同类人或事物的部分内容，意为“例如，比如”。如：We dislike people such as him.我们不喜欢像他这号人。】Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.译文：如今，中国学英语的人数在快速增长。【注释：the number of …作主语时，其后的谓语动词使用三单式形式】 In fact, China may have the largest number of English learners. 译文：事实上，中国可能拥有学英语的人数最多。【注释：in fact事实上。】 Will Chinese English develop its own identity? Only time will tell.译文：中国英语会形成自己的特色吗？只有时间才能告诉我们。

7．Native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English.
【精提取】　even if或even though意为“即使，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
【巧应用】　即使我得一路走着去，我也要走到那里。
________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ all the way，I’ll get there.
答案：Even if I have to walk
8. It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.
【精提取】　more...than...与其说……倒不如说……
【巧应用】　造成她不愉快的原因，与其说是他所说的话，倒不如说是他的说话方式。
It was __ __ ____ ____ ___ __ ___what he said that made her unhappy.
答案：more the way he said it than
9. However，on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.
【精提取】　the way＋定语从句，定语从句的引导词在从句中作状语时，可用that，in which，也可以省略。
【巧应用】　我不喜欢你嘲笑她的那种方式。
I don’t like ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ .
答案：the way in which you laughed at her