初中英语所有知识点复习大全.pdf

第一学时名词一、概述1、名词属性：表达人或事物名称抽象概念词叫名词。2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表达某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽 象概念名称。如：teacher,desks,plates,milk,box等，专有名词表达某一特定人、事 物、地方团队、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用名称。（运用）如：China,Chinese,Saturday,June,Green,Beijing,Olympic 等。（专有名词第一种字母要大写）二、可数名词与不可数名词1、可数名词是指表达人或事物，可以用数来计量名词，有单复数之分。如：glass glasses；bookbooks2、不可数名词是指所示事物不能用数来计量。如：paper,rice,water,milk,tea 等。3、有些名词在特定状况下由不可数变为可数名词。Light travels faster than sound；（light:光线，不可数）The lights are on.（light：灯，可数）4、不可数名词量表达不可数名词普通无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表达数量，它量往往 借助于容器来表达。如：a glass of milk-four glasses of milka piece of paper-two pieces of papera bag of rice-three bags of rice三、可数名词复数形式（识记、运用）1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则变化博、盛、口黑化形式-例词，-普通秋现，C._gills,books;弘也学里强细毛方classes,boxes,watches;brushes，包莹y为J，加esTihr 7 n-hricitycities,babybabies|伶片我半卷莒印口受f,fe为v,加小Kiilit；Knives,ieaileaves以。品尾色1间puiaioes,lumaiues,pnoios,kiios,uaniuoos,laaios2、少数名词有不规则变化形式policeman-policemen；manmen；womanwomen；toothteeth；footfeet；sheepsheep；deerdeer;Japanese-Japanese；Chinese Chinese；fish fish四.名词所有格（运用）名词所有格是表达所关于系形式，它也有构成上变化。1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加飞；2、复数名词词尾已有s,只需加即可；3、复数名词词尾若没有s，则应加飞；4、如果表达某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人背面加飞;如：Da Mao and Xiao Maos room如果不是两人共有，则在每个人背面都加s;如：Li Leis and Toms mother5、名词所有格构造通惯用于表达有生命名词，或表达时间、距离、地点等，而表达 无生命名词所关于系则用。尸表达。如：the windows of house the picture of the familyof构造也能用于有生命名词所有格。a friend of my sisters a book of his 第二学时冠词(一)一、概述冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，自身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前协助阐明名词所指人或事物词表达数量一时，与数词区别；其表达数量意义没有one强，这是学习中注意区别。二、冠词定义冠词是置于名词之前，阐明名词所示人或事物一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存 在。冠词有两种：一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)；the一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),a an三、不定冠词用法a用于辅音音素起首单词前，an用于元音音素起首单词前。1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用a或an起简介作用，如：What is this?It is a bus.Who is she?She is a doctor.2、表达泛指一类人或物A snake is a cold-blood animal.A plane is a machine that can fly.3、表达某一类人或事物任何一种。如：She is a teacher;That is an apple.There is an elephant in the zoo.4、可用于某些词组，是该词组不可缺少构成某些。如：a long timea littlea fewat a timehave a trytakeachance5、表达“每一种意思。如：three times a day four yuan a dozen6、可用于抽象名词之前，使抽象名词详细化。如：I am quite at a loss;The little child is a joy to his parents.7、用于物质名词之前，使物质名词普通化。如：He drew out a tin of pineapple.They made a fire to get warm.注意：1、不定冠词an用在以元音（不是字母，而是发音）起首名词或其她以元音起首词 之前，不定冠词a用在以辅音起首名词或其她以辅音起首词之前。2、u和h有时在单词中发元音，有时却读作辅音或不发音。如：I have been waiting for an hour.He is an honest young fellow.A hammer is a useful fool.3、英语中有些字母，如f h 1 m n s x o由于它前头第一种音是元音，因此在单独 使用或作缩略词第一种字母时，应使用an1如：There is an n in the word“no”.An MP means a member of parliament.第三学时冠词（二）一、定冠词用法定冠词the有this,that,these,those等意思，用于单数或复数名词前。重要用来特 指，使一种或几种事物区别于所有其她同名事物。1、指前文已经提到过人或事物。如：I wrote an article.The article was about physics.2、指说话人都懂得人或事物。如：Please close the door before you leave.Let s go to the classroom.3、名词有定语修饰时，须用定冠词the,表达特指意义。如：The book on the desk is his.The teacher who talked with you is her mother.4、用于世界上独一无二事物前。如：the sun the moon the earth thesky the world5、用在序数词前面表达顺序。如：I live on the fourth floor.My mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.6、与其她词连用，构成固定词组。如：on the left in the north in the front of7、在表达乐器名称名词之前用定冠词。如：the piano the violin8、用在形容词或副词最高档前面。如：This was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.He is the tallest of us.9、用在形容词前面，表达复数意义某一类人或事物。如：the rich the poor the young the livingthe new the right the true the beautiful10、在表达江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如：the Changjiang River the Nilethe Alps the Himalayasn、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：the Qin Dynasty the Ming Dynastyin the 50 s the spring period12、和表达姓氏名词复数形式连用，表达某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如：the Lis the Martins二、不用冠词状况1、除某些特殊状况外，专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如：Man is mortal.Miss Smith came in power at last.2、当名词前已有 this,that,my,his,any,every,some,no,those,these 等词修 饰时或有所有格修饰时，不必加冠词。如：She is my sister.This article you had written is very wonderful.3、在交通工具、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如：by plane by boat Chinese Physics4、在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如：National DayMay DayAutumnJanuary5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.He preferred to play football and Id rather play tennis.6、在唯一职务、头衔名词前不加冠词。如：He is elected manager of our company.People elected him president of that country last year.7、在报纸标题、图像阐明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如：Workers MindNotes on the Study of Hong Lou Meng8、在某些固定词组中不加冠词。如：heartat homeby mistake learn byat firstat last at onceby seaday and night第四学时代词（一）一、概述代词是用来代替名词或名词短语词。代词分类：词叫人称代词；人称代词：表达我、咱们、你 你们、她、她、它、她们物主代词：表达所关于系代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；反身代词：表达动作反射到执行者自身或用来加强语调代词;批示代词：表达能代替名词或代替形容词词；不定代词：表达不指明代替任何特定名词代词。疑问代词：表达代替人或物且具有疑问语调代词。二、人称代词称格-4-+Z7 笫一人称第二人称-笫二人称中姒易缴手缴易缴手缴易缴*Iweyouyouhe,she,itthey兵精meusyouyouhim,her,itInein人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。1、主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。She gave these books to you and me;You must look after them;2、当并列代词作主语时，I放在最后。顺序为你，她，我You,he and I are going to spend the winter holidays in Beijing.三、物主代词物主代词涉及形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，有人称和数不清变化形式。口二二一人x第二人地皿父0-L说嚣一人尔=r半A甲姒单数复更攵最 一myouryouryourhis,her,itstheir六 亡词七-Smineoursyoursyourshis,hers,itstheirs形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：my watch；your books；their names;名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用，可作主语、宾语和表语，背面不跟名词，英语中说：我一位朋友，要用,friend of mijie”有些构造中惯用the代替物主代词He had a cold in the head.（the 意思是 his）My mother took me by the arm.（the 意思是 her）四、反身代词Iinysclfyourselfhimself,herself,itself复数ourselvesyourselvesHCllCmselves反身代词在句中可以加强语调，用作宾语和同位语。He himself has finished it.（作同位语）He has taught himself Russian for 5 years.（作宾语）I did it mysldf.（加强语调）某些固定构造：by oneself；fo oneself；among themselvesThey made the machine all by themselves.He cooked a meal for himself.第五学时代词（二）一、批示代词批示代词有*this；that；these；thosethis,these表达这、这些，是近指。that,those表达那、那些，是远指。注意：在电话用语里面，用this代替自己，that代替对方。如：whos that?This is Tom speaking二、不定代词英语中有如下不定代词：all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little(a little),few(a few),many,much,other,another,some,any,no 尚有由 some,any,no every构成代词。1)both,allboth是指两者都，而all则是指三者或三者以上都，如：Both of us are right.All of you are good at playing basketball.但all还可以构成固定短语all day,all this,all the time等2)either,neithereither是指两者之中任何一种属于某些否定，而neither则是两者之中一种 也不属所有否定Either of the books will do.Neither of the answers is right.而either还可出当前否定句子里,可与neither进行句型转换。如：Tom hasnt been to America,Jim hasnt,either=Neither Tom nor Jim has been to America.而neither(nor)也可用于表达也不，构成neither(nor)+助动词+主语句 式。Kate isnt a worker,neither is Meimei.3)little,a little,few,a fewlittle,a little修饰不可数名词；few,a few修饰可数名词；little,few表达否定，几乎没有a little,a few 表达必定,相称于 some,any.There is a little milk in the glass.There are few students in the classroom,they re in the re0attng4)every,eachevery,each都是强调每一种，every作定语修饰名词。如：The bus comes every five minutes.Each of them may come at a different time.5)some,any6)由some,any,no,every构成不定代词something,someone,somebody,somewhere,anything,anyone,anybody,anywhere,nothing,none,nobody,nowhere,everything,everyone,everybody,everywhere.三、疑问代词疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个：who,whom,whose,what,which.第六学时数词一、基数词基数词表达数量(i1neLour tive six w ime teneleven twelve thirteen LQurteen iineen sixteen seventeen eignteen nineteenIf sixty，seventy!a a a j alundredi nqusand million oillion注意：表达详细数目hundren,thousand,million等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间普通加连词and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。二、序数词firstP唧4 tcmrteenmlitLwenty-firsl mnety-mntya hundred and fifty-thirdfirffiLnrfeentnsixuefn jsixfl sevf 瀛sixteenth sevjenfeenth eignfeenm nmeteenthseventiethhundreathtenfl序数词缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词最后两个字母。first1st second 2nd tenth 10th三、时间和年月日表达法1、时间均用基数词表达：1）顺读法，先说点钟，再说分钟，如：2:15 two fifteen 6:20 six twenty2）逆读法30分钟以内：分钟数+past+钟点数，如：3:20 twenty past three 2:10-ten past two半小时用half,15分钟用a quarter:2:15 a quarter past two 3:30 half past three30分钟以外要用：分钟数+to+下一种钟点，如：4:35 twenty-five to five 2:55 five to three2）年月日表达法年份读法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。四、分数表达法当分数中表达分子数只含个位数时普通采用分子（用基数词）十分母（用序数词）表达。（分子不不大于1时，分母序数词用复数）如：one-third；two-thirds；three twenty-seconds五、数词与名词搭配1）数词与名词连用时，它们顺序是名词+基数词Lesson 15；Room 1506或者用“the+序数词+名词”The Fifteenth Lesson the third floor2）数词与小时搭配two hours and a half three hourshalf an hour第七学时形容词一、概述形容词修饰名词，阐明人或事物或特性。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。The beautiful girl is Toms sister.（充当定语）Three is nothing serious,is there?（充当定语，修饰不定代词形容词及短语要放在不 定代词之后）The shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）The old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词the连用时，表达一类人或物，其 谓语动词用复数形式）二、形容词比较级及最高档形式1、绝大某些双音节形容词和单音节形容词比较级别变化是规则变化。1 W、苗状、媪情况 1i_=+意件形式-11 11 11 i1 用 国small-Smaller-siiiallCSl第1巴粼JU罕LSI；large-larger-largest 1_ 1_:_ 1.文y为1,加-“，心1nappy-iiappici-nappiesL将该辅首字母双与，再加-er；-est1Bin-limnerSminest2、某些双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高档变化形式在多音节形容词前加more或 mostbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautifuluseful-more useful-most useful3、不规则形容词比较级和最高档形式：good,well-better-best bad,ill-worse-worstmany,much-more-most little-less-leastfar-farther,further-farthest,furthest三、形容词比较级别用法1、当A=B时，则用as(副).as(介，连).，中间用形容词或副词原级。表达甲 与乙在某方面同样He is as tall as I(me)2、A/B，则用not as(so).as表达甲与乙在某方面不同样。He is not so tall as I=He is shorter than I=Im taller than heThe boy isnt as careful as that one=This boy isnt as careful than that one3、比较级+than形式This lesson is more difficult than that oneShe is fatter than Kate4、the+最高档+(inof)短语Miss Zhou is one of the most popular in our classHe is the oldest of the threeof常与名词复数或表达数量词连用。表达在之中这一。in常与表达范畴或场 合名词连用在范畴之中四、形容词比较级特殊用法1)more and more比较级连用表达“越来越.In spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.He is getting busier and busier.2)The more.the more 越.就越.The larger the bus is,the more people it can carry.The farther away an object is from us,the smaller it looks.3)比较级形式表达最高档：比较级+than any other+名词单数；比较级+than the other+名词复数He is clever than any other boy He is the clevest of all the boysHe is clever than the other boys4、修饰比较级副词有 much,even,quite,a little,a lot等表达“得多甚 至，表达限度。第八学时副词一、概述副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其她副词词，表达动作特性、状态特性或某种性质 限度。二、副词分类时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及限度副词。1、时间副词：时间副词表达内涵涉及回答什么时候或经常与否A：how,then,yesterday,last time,today,just now,later on,so far,ago;B:always,often,usually,sometimes,never,hardly,ever;C：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,at last,finally,at first,since;2、地点副词：表达地点或位置关系副词。A:here,there,home,anywhere,everywhere;B:above,below,down,up,out,in,across,back,over,round,away,near;注：B类中表达位置副词有时也可作介词。如：come in,please-They live in the next room.3、方式副词:badly,carefully,politely,sadly,suddenly,happily,well,fast,high,hard.4、限度副词：常用有：much,a little,a bit,very,even,so,too,enough,quite,rather,completely z terribly,nearly,hardly,not at allo 这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词 或动词以加强语调。5、疑问副词：是用来引导一种特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。疑问副词有：how,when,where,why,who6、某些副词用法：1)too,either,also 都是表达也。too和either都用于句末，too用于必定句中，either用于否定句及普通疑问句中，also 放在句子中，BE动词前，实义动词后。2)so,neither都可以用在倒装句开头。so接在必定句后表达也同样”,句式：so+助动词+主语；neither接在一种否定句背面表达也不，没.句式：neither+助动词+主语I have read the book,so has he.Jim didnt win the game,neither did Tom.3)already,yetalready和yet通惯用于当前完毕时中，already用于必定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句 中。He has already finished his homework.Jim hasnt come back yet.7、副词比较级别副词和形容词同样，也有比较级和最高档，其变化形式与形容词比较比较级和最高 档同样。第九学时介词一、知识概述介词是一种虚词，普通在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它介词宾 语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。介词又称前置词，普通位于名词或代词前面，表达该词与句子其她成分关系。在学 习介词时，最重要是掌握介词用法，动介词组搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位 置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词比较和区别。二、介词定义及句法功能介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表达其后名词或相称于名词词 语与其她句子成分关系。介词后名词，或相称于名词其她词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾 语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中重要用作定语、状语、表语和宾 语补足语。The boy over there is my brother.（作定语）A friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）I shall meet you at the entrance of Oianmen Hotel.（作地点状语）To their surprise,they saw not locusts,but seagulls.（作因素状语）Fil be in the o笛ce every afternoon.（作表语）He isnt at home（作表语）The farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）I found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）三、介词与其她词类固定搭配。介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词背面，经常规 定用一定介词。1、形容词与介词固定搭配有些形容词背面规定用固定介词，此类介词常用有：about,at,for,from,in,of,to,with（1）形容词+aboutcareful about hopeful about sure aboutHe is careless about his clothes（2）形容词+atgood at surprised at angry at（3）形容词+forfamous for ready for sorry forIm terrible sorry for telling him the truth.(4)形容词+fromdifferent from safe fromHe was absent from class this morningMy sister is different from me in many ways.(5)形容词+ininterested in successful inHe is interested in making model ships.2、名词与介词固定搭配(1)名L司+forHe made up an excuse for being late.Did you find the cause for your failure?(2)名词+inHe has some difficulty in translating the bookShe has made great progress in English.(3)名词+ofShe found another way of solving the problemHe forms a bad habit of getting up late(4)名词+onThere have been several attacks on foreigners recently.Have pity on me!(5)名词+withI wanted to have a talk with youHe is always getting into trouble with the police第十学时连词一、知识概述连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起 连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两 种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系词。从属连词是用来引导从句词。二、并列连词并列连词用来连接具备并列关系词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表达转 折、因果、选取和联合关系等四大类。表达联合关系连词，常用有：and,not only.but also,as well as,both.and,neither.nor.Written English is more or less the same in both Britain and American.They were very surprised and I knew that I had done the right thing.Work hard and youll pass the exam=If you work hard,you511 pass the exam.While I was in the university,I learned both English and Japanese.Both European and Asian speak RussiaYou cant speak both Amercan English and British English at the same time.Neither Tom nor you are a driver.Neither I nor he has seen the play.Neither of us is a teacherYou dont like it,Neither do I.She is beautiful as well as clever.He is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.三、从属连词从属连词是用来连接各种从句词1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句连词只有三个，即that,if,whether。如：Ask her if she will come with me.The reason is that she never wasted her time.I dont know whether he had passed the exam.2、引导状语从句从属连词(1)连接时间状语从句从属连词有：since,until,after,before,when,while,as soon as,whenever.ril tell you as soon as I know.(2)连接地点状语从句从属连词有：where,whereverSit wherever you like.I found my books where I had left them.(3)连接让步状语从句从属连词有：although,though,even if,however.Although she was tired,she kept on working.(4)连接因素状语从句从属连词有：as,because,since,now that,He was absent because he was ill.(5)连接目状语从句从属连词有：that,so that,in order that.He raised his voice so that we could hear him.(6)连接条件状语从句从属连词有：if,unless,once,in case.Youll miss the train unless you hurry up.(7)连接成果状语从句从属连词有：so.that,such.that.He came so late that he missed the class.(8)连接比较状语从句从属连词有：as.as.,not so.as.z less(more).than,the.the.This is more than I can accept.(9)连接方式状语从句从属连词有：as,as ifIt looks as if it was going to rain.第十一学时动词(一)一、知识概述在英语中，每个句子必要有一种动词来担当谓语。阐明主语是什么或做什 么，动词是表达动作或状态词。动词和名词、代词同样，有人称和数变化。谓语动词人 称和数普通要与主语人称和数保持一致。学好了英语动词相称于学好了一半英语语法，可见英语动词重要性。在初中英语 中，动词分类、动词时态和语态以及动词各种形式之间联系，非谓语动词构成、用法等等 贯穿整个初中课本，涉及英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因而在学习时特别要注意英 语中时态运用和语态之间区别。二、动词分类及作用按照动词词义和在句中作用，英语动词可分为行为动词(又叫实义动词)、连系动 词、助动词和情态动词。1、行为动词表达动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：She took pictures of treesHe is typing letters.行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。(1)及物动词及物动词背面必要跟宾语，意思才完整。I enjoyed the film very muchI gave the child another piece of cake.常用能带两个宾语动词有：bring,build/buy,cook,cut,draw,find,get,hand,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,pay,read,return,sell,show,teach,tell,write,etc.(2)不及物动词自身词义完整，背面不规定跟宾语。如：Horses run fast.They work in a factory.She curled up in bed and began her book.2、连系动词(1)自身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必要和表语一起构成谓语。常用连系 动词有：be,look,get,feel,sound,turn,smell,taste,become.My father is an engineer.My brother has become a doctor.It seems that he was a millionaire.I don t feel very well today.(2)表达感觉知觉动词可以是连系动词，如feel,touch,sound,