Unit-TwelveText-B.doc

Dolly's False Legacy Ian Wilmot
多莉的虚假遗产伊恩·威尔莫特
The announcement in February 1997 of the birth of a sheep Dolly, an exact genetic replica of its mother ,sparked a worldwide debate over the moral and medical implication of cloning .
1997年2月宣布一只绵羊多利(Dolly)诞生，这是一只与其母亲完全相同的基因复制品，引发了世界范围内关于克隆的道德和医学影响的争论。
Several US states and European countries have banned the cloning of human beings ,yet South Korean scientist claimed in December that they had already taken the first step .
几个美国国家和欧洲国家已经禁止克隆人，但韩国科学家在去年12月声称，他们已经迈出了第一步。
In the following essay for TIME ,embryologist Wilmot ,Who led the team that brought Dolly to the life at Scotland's Roslyn Instisute,explains why he believes the debate over cloning people has largely missed the point.
在“时代”杂志(Time)的下面一篇文章中，胚胎学家威尔莫特(Wilmot)解释了为什么他认为克隆人的争论基本上没有抓住重点。
Overlooked in the arguments about the morality of the artificially reproducing life is the fact that,at present ,cloning is a very inefficient procedure.
在关于人工复制生命的道德的争论中，忽视了一个事实，即目前克隆是一个非常低效的过程。
The incidence of death among fetuses and offspring produced by cloning is much higher than it is through natural reproduction-roughly 10 times as high as normal before birth and three times as high after birth in our studies at Roslyn.
克隆技术产生的胎儿和后代的死亡率比自然繁殖高得多-在罗斯林的研究中，大约是出生前的10倍，出生后的三倍。
Distressing enough for those working with animals ,these failures rates surely render unthinkable the notion of applying such treatment to humans.
对于那些从事动物工作的人来说，这些失败率确实让人难以想象将这种治疗应用于人类的想法。
Even if the technique were perfeced ,however ,we must ask ourselves what practical value whole-being cloning might have .
然而，即使这项技术是完美的，我们也必须扪心自问，克隆整体可能具有什么实际价值。
What exactly would be the difference between a "cloned " baby and a child born naturally- and why would we want one.
一个“克隆”婴儿和一个天生的孩子到底有什么区别？为什么我们会想要一个。
The cloned child would be a genetically identical twin of the original,and thus physically very similar - far more similar than a natural parent and child.
克隆的孩子将是一个基因上完全相同的双胞胎，因此在生理上非常相似-远比亲生父母和孩子相似。
Human personality ,however ,emerges from both the effects of the genes we inherit (nature) and environ-mental factors (nature).
然而，人的个性产生于我们遗传的基因(自然)和周围环境-精神因素(自然)的影响。
The two clones would develop distinct personalities, just as twins develop unique identities .
这两个克隆人会发展出不同的个性，就像双胞胎发展出独特的身份一样。
And because the copy would often be born in a different family ,cloned twins be less alike in personality than natural identical twins.
由于复制人通常出生在不同的家庭，所以克隆双胞胎的性格不像天生的同卵双胞胎。
Why "copy" people in the first place ?
为什么一开始就“复制”人？
Couple unable to have children might choose to have a copy of one of them rather than accept the intrusion of genes from a donor.
无法生育的夫妇可能会选择拥有其中一个的副本，而不是接受来自捐献者的基因入侵。
My wife and I have two children of our own and an adopted child, but I find it help to consider what might have happened in my own marriage if a copy of me had been made to overcome infertility .
我和妻子有自己的两个孩子和一个领养的孩子，但我发现，如果我的副本是用来治疗不孕不育的，那么我可以考虑一下在我自己的婚姻中可能会发生什么。
My wife and I met in high school.
我和我妻子在高中认识的。
How would she react to physical copy of the young man she fell in love with .
她对她爱上的那个年轻人的实物复制品会有什么反应呢？
How would any of us find living with ourselves?
我们中的任何一个人怎么会发现与自己生活在一起？
Surely the older clone-I, in this case _would believe that he understood how the copy should hehave and so be even more likely than the average father to impose expectactions upon his child.
当然，年长的克隆人-我，在这种情况下-会相信，他理解这个复制品应该是怎样的，因此比普通父亲更有可能把预期的事情强加给他的孩子。
Above all ,how would a teenager cope with looking at me , a balding , aging man ,and seeing the physical furture ahead of him?
最重要的是，一个十几岁的少年会如何面对我，一个秃顶的，衰老的人，看到他面前的身体未来？Each of us can imagine hypothetical families created by the introduction of a cloned -a copy of one partner in a homosexual relationship or of the single parent ,for example .
我们每个人都可以想象通过引入克隆人而建立的假想家庭-例如同性恋关系中的一个伴侣或单亲父母的副本。
What is missing in all this is consideration of what's in the interests of the cloned child.
在这一切中缺失的是考虑克隆儿童的利益。

Because there is no form of infertility that could be overcome only by cloning,I do not find these proposals acceptable .
由于没有任何形式的不孕症只能通过克隆才能克服，我不认为这些建议是可以接受的。
My concerns are not on religious grounds or on the basis of a perceived intrinsic ethical principle.
我的关切不是基于宗教理由，也不是基于被认为是固有的道德原则。
Rather ,my judgment is that it would be diffcult for families created in this way to provide an appropriate environment for the child.
相反，我的判断是，以这种方式创建的家庭很难为孩子提供适当的环境。

Cloning is also suggested as a means of bringing back a ralative, usually a child, killed tragically .
克隆技术也被建议作为一种手段，使一名不幸被害的孩子(通常是儿童)死而复生。
Any parent can understand that wish ,but it must first be recognizaed that the copy would be a new baby and not the lost child .
任何父母都能理解这一愿望，但必须首先认识到，该副本将是一个新生婴儿，而不是丢失的孩子。
Herein lies the difficult ,for the grieving parents are seeking not a new baby but a return of the dead one .
困难就在这里，因为悲伤的父母并不是在寻找新生的婴儿，而是在寻找死去的婴儿的回归。
Since the original would be fondly remebered as having particular talents and interests , would not the parent expect the copy to be the same?
既然原稿会被亲切地记住，因为它具有特殊的天赋和兴趣，那么家长们难道不希望副本是一样的吗？
It is possible,however ,that the copy would develop quite differently .
但是，这份副本可能会有很大不同的发展。
Is it fair to the new child to place it in a family with such unnatural expectations?
把它安置在一个有着如此不自然的期望的家庭里，对新来的孩子来说公平吗？
What if the lost child was very young ?
如果失踪的孩子还很小呢？
The shorter the life ,the fewer the expectations parents might place on the substitute ,right ?
寿命越短，父母对代课的期望就越小，对吗？
If a baby dies within a few days of birth and there is no reason to think that death was cause by an inherited defect ,would it then be acceptable to make a copy ?
如果一个婴儿在出生后几天内死亡，而没有理由认为死亡是由遗传缺陷造成的，那么复制一个副本是否可以接受呢？
Is it practical to frame legislation that would prevent copying of adults or older children,but allow copying of infants ?
制定防止复制成人或年长儿童但允许复制婴儿的立法是否切实可行？
At what age would a child be too old to be copied in the event of death.
如果一个孩子死了，他多大了，不会被复制。
Copying is also suggested as a means by which parents can have the child of their dreams.
抄袭也被建议作为一种方式，通过父母可以拥有他们的梦想的孩子。
Couples might choose to have a copy of a film star, baseball player or scientist, depending on their interests .
情侣们可能会选择影星、棒球运动员或科学家的复制品，这取决于他们的兴趣。
But because personality is only partly the result of genetic inheritance, conflict would be sure to arise if the cloned child failed to develop the same interests as the origainal.
但是，由于人格只是遗传的部分结果，如果克隆的孩子没有发展出与起源者相同的兴趣，就一定会产生冲突。
What if the copy of Einstein shows no interest in science?
如果爱因斯坦的复制品对科学毫无兴趣呢？
Or the football player turns to acting?
还是足球运动员转向演戏？
Success aslo depends upon fortune.
Success Aslo Depends upon fortune . 成功取决于运气

What if the child dose not live up to the hopes and dreams of the parents simply because of the bad luck?
如果孩子因为运气不好而辜负了父母的希望和梦想呢？
Every child should be wanted for itself ,as an individual .
作为一个个体，每个孩子都应该为自己而被通缉。
In making a copy of oneself or some famous person , parent is deliberately specifying the way he or she wishes that child to develop.
在制作自己或某位名人的复制品时，父母故意指定他或她希望孩子发展的方式。
In recent year ,particularly in the US ,much importance has been placed on the right of individuals to reproduce in ways that they wish .
近年来，特别是在美国，人们非常重视个人以自己希望的方式繁衍后代的权利。
I suggest that there is a greater need to consider the interests of the child and to reject these proposed uses of cloning .
我建议，更有必要考虑儿童的利益，并拒绝这些建议的克隆用途。
By contrast, human cloning could ,in theory, be used to obtain tissues needed to treat disorders such as Parkinson's disease and diabetes.
相比之下，理论上，克隆人可以用于获得治疗帕金森病和糖尿病等疾病所需的组织。
These dieases are associated with cell types that do not repair or replace themselves,but suitable cell will one day be grown in culture .
这些疾病与细胞类型有关，这些细胞类型不能自我修复或替换，但有一天合适的细胞会在培养中生长。
These uses cannot be justified now ; nor are they likely to be in the near future.
这些用途现在是不合理的，在不久的将来也不太可能。
Moreover ,there is lot we do not know about the effects of cloning ,especiasdlly in terms of aging.
此外，我们还不知道克隆的影响，特别是在衰老方面。
As we grow old,changes occur in our cells that reduce the number of times they can reproduce.
随着年龄的增长，我们的细胞发生了变化，减少了它们可以繁殖的次数。
This clock of age is reset by normal reproduction during the production of sperm and eggs; that is why children of each new generation have a full life span.
在精子和卵子的生产过程中，正常的繁殖过程会重新设定这个年龄时钟，这就是为什么每一代的孩子都有一个完整的生命周期的原因。
It is not yet konw whether again is reversed during cloning or if the clone's natural life is shortened by the years its parent has already lived.
目前还不清楚克隆过程中是否再次发生逆转，或者克隆人的自然寿命是否缩短了其父母已经活过的年数。
Then there is the problem of the genetic errors that accumulate in our cells.
然后是我们细胞中积累的遗传错误的问题。
There are systems to seek out and correct such errors during normal reproduction ; it is not konw if that can occur during cloning .
在正常繁殖过程中，有一些系统可以查找和纠正这种错误；如果在克隆过程中这种错误能够发生，那就不知道了。
Research with animals is urgently required to measure the lifespan and determine the cause of death of animals produced by cloning.
迫切需要对动物进行研究，以衡量克隆动物的寿命并确定其死亡原因。
Important question also remain on the most appropriate means of controlling the development and use of these techniaiques.
重要的问题仍然是控制这些技术的发展和使用的最适当的手段。
It is taken for granted that the production ans sale of drugs will be regulated by governments ,but this was not always the case .
人们理所当然地认为，药品的生产和销售将受到各国政府的管制，但情况并不总是如此。
A hundred years ago ,the production and sale of drugs in the US was unregulated.
一百年前，美国的药品生产和销售是不受管制的。
Unscrupulous compaines took the opportunity to include in their products substances, like cocaine ,that were likely to make the patients feel better even if they offered no treatment for the original condition .
肆无忌惮的公司利用这个机会在他们的产品中加入可卡因等物质，即使他们没有为最初的病情提供治疗，这些物质也可能使患者感觉更好。
After public protest ,championed by publications such the Ladies' Home Journal, a federal act was passed in 1906.
在受到“妇女家庭杂志”等出版物支持的公众抗议之后，1906年通过了一项联邦法案。
An enforcement agency,know now as the FDA, was established in 1927.
1927年，美国食品和药物管理局成立了一个执法机构。
An independent body similar to the FDA is now required to assess all the research on cloning.
现在需要一个类似于FDA的独立机构来评估所有关于克隆的研究。
II 1 Dolly is the first tube sheep.
多莉是第一只管状羊。
2 The birth of Dolly sparked a worldwide debate over the control of cloning technology.
多莉的诞生引发了全世界对克隆技术控制的争论。
3The is quite likely for cloned twins to be less alike in personality than natural identical twins.
克隆双胞胎与自然同卵双生子人格相似的可能性很大。
4 It is unfair foe a cloning child to live in our society because he bears higher expectations from his parent.
克隆儿童生活在我们的社会是不公平的，因为他对父母有更高的期望。
5 The main idea of the article is that cloning is one of the best technologies to have been mastered by humans.5本文的主要思想是克隆技术是人类掌握的最好的技术之一。
III
1 In fact ,by almost any measure ,humans have left a legacy of increased opportunity for their descendants.
事实上，几乎以任何标准衡量，人类都为他们的后代留下了更多的机会。
And this ture not just for the rich world but also for developing countries.
这不仅适用于发达国家，也适用于发展中国家。
2 Which side you take depends mostly on whether you believe the warnings that an instant split-up of the bank would spark another crisis.
你站在哪一边，主要取决于你是否相信这样的警告，即银行的迅速解体会引发另一场危机。

3 Althought it might be tempting to believe that what we see and what our minds perceives are identical, but some of the following optical illusions might make us change our mind.
尽管我们可能很容易相信我们所看到的和我们的思想是相同的，但是下面的一些光学幻象可能会使我们改变我们的想法。
4 The logic of his argument would entitle him to impose on the company ,in the name of national interest ,whatever he and his fellow ministers chose.
他的论点的逻辑使他有权以国家利益的名义将他和他的部长们选择的任何东西强加给公司。
5 He judged the strategies of the civil right movement not only by their intrinsic moral virtue ,but also by their effectiveness in ending discrimination against black people.
对民权运动策略的评判，不仅要看其内在的道德美德，而且要看其在结束对黑人歧视方面的有效性。
6 Grieving is along process and the more you deal with the whirlwind of emotions you feel ,the faster you can start the healing process.
悲伤是一个过程，你越多地处理你感觉到的情绪旋风，你就能更快地开始治疗过程。
7 No need to justify you shortcoming or wrong actions .
没有必要为你的缺点或错误行为辩解。
just courageously face you mistakes and recogniza that you need help in changing them.
勇敢面对你的错误和认识你需要帮助改变他们。
8 Chinese do not like being evicted from their land .
中国人不喜欢被赶出他们的土地。
or having their children poisoned by adulterated milk or unscrupulous state-owned factories.
或者让他们的孩子被掺假的牛奶或肆无忌惮的国有工厂毒死。
9
When you feel pressure to live up to someone else's expectation ,stop and comsider where or not their expectation are in harmony with yours ,if not ,do what's best for you.
当你感到压力，不辜负别人的期望时，停下来，让他们的期望与你的期望协调一致，如果不是，做对你最好的事情。
10 For the present ,therefore ,we must reject any conclusion drawn from such completely unreliable reports.
10因此，就目前而言，我们必须拒绝从这些完全不可靠的报告中得出的任何结论。