高考短文改错解题技巧.doc

高考短文改错解题技巧

短文改错是集语法知识与语言技能为一体的综合性英语试题，旨在考查学生对语言的评价与校正的能力以及对词汇、语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。
一、做短文改错题基本步骤
1、改前通读，强化语篇意识。在着手改错之前一定要快速阅读全文，这一步很关键，切忌拿来就改。只有站在语篇的高度上，通篇解读全文，了解短文大意，才能贯通短文改错上下文， 找出与语篇有关的错误并进行有效的改正。
2、改中细读，注意语法、词汇错误。在纠错时要仔细地读懂每一个句子，因为只有站在完整句子的角度，才能发现其中的错误。由于多数句子不是只占一行，所以只有读完整个句子，仔细分析，才能发现错误、纠正错误。
3、改后复读，纠正失误，减少差错。做完短文改错后将答案放回原文，再重读全文，其目的主要是查看有无不符合逻辑，语句不通畅，不符合英语习惯的问题。改后复读 ，往往会发现那些在通读与细读中不曾发现的问题或作出的误改。
二、出题规律以及解题关键
1、名词
短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。例如：
（1） We stopped to rest for a while and to drink some waters from a stream.
（waters 改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数）
（2）There are branch library in many villages.
（library 改为 libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数）
（3） I hope that you two could come and visit us some times soon.
（times 改为 time，some time 意为“某时”）
（4） They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.
（question 改为 questions，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语 lots of）
2、代词
短文改错对代词的考查主要涉及人称代词的前后一致性(包括指代的一致性和单复数的一致性)、人称代词的主格与宾语变化、各类代词的误加与漏用(尤其是一些易受汉语影响的结构)、某些不定代词的用法(尤其是在意思上用错)、代词在某些习语中的用法等。例如：
(1) David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.
(去掉 it，因它与其前的关系代词 which 语义重复)
(2) When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook head.
(head 前加 his，汉语可“摇头”，而英语的习惯要说 shake one’s head)
(3) We climb everywhere, not only in America. They have been to Europe many times.
(They 改为 We，前后人称不一致)
(4) The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.
(his 改为 their，因前面的 the Smiths 指的是“史密斯夫妇/一家”，是复数意义)
3、冠词
短文改错对冠词的考查主要涉及冠词的误加和漏用，有时也考查不定冠词与定冠词以及零冠词的用法区别(包括 a 与 an 的区别)。其中，涉及最多的是，当一个单数可数名词表示泛指时，其前漏用不定冠词；另外，冠词在一些习语中的用法也是一个重要考点。例如：
(1) After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened.
(a 改为 an，因 hour 读音以元音开头)
(2) I decided to climb the tree to see where we were.
(the 改为 a，因此处并非特指，而是泛指)
(3) Good health is person’s most valuable possession.
(person’s 前加 a，这里的 a 表泛指)
(4) Maybe you could come during a winter holidays.
(a 改为 the，此处的 winter holidays 属特指或者是谈话双方都知道的)
(5) Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
(去掉 a，catch sight of 是习语，意为“看见、瞥见”)
4、形容词/副词
短文改错对形容词与副词的考查主要涉及形容词和副词比较等级的误用(尤其是在本身已是比较级的词前误加more)、形容词与副词的混用(如修饰动词时误用形容词或修饰名词时误用副词)等，另外，用作表语时该用形容词的却误用了名词、简短副词(如 in, down 等)的误加与漏用、涉及形容词搭配的as…as 结构、how 与 what 的混用等也是常考的考点。
(1) After an hour or so we began to feel very frightening.
(frightening 改为 frightened，因它表示某人感到害怕，而不是令人害怕)
(2) Last Sunday, police cars hurry to the taller building in New York.
(taller 改为 tallest，因从含义上看此处应是最高级)
(3) As a result, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.
(去掉 more，因为 longer 本身已是比较级，不能再受 more 修饰)
5、介词
短文改错对介词的考查主要涉及在及物动词后接宾语时误加介词和在不及物动词后接宾语时漏加介词、可直接用作状语的副词短语前误加介词、介词与其他词的常用搭配、常用介词的基本用法、习语中的介词用法等。例如：
(1) Bill insisted in staying near the car.
(in 改为 on，insist on 为固定搭配)
(2) When they came down the police were angry to them.
(to 改为 with，要表示对某人生气，英语习惯上用be angry with sb)
(3) Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. (去掉 for，因其前的 get 是及物动词)
6、并列连词
短文改错对并列连词的考查主要涉及and, but, or, so 等几个表示并列、转折、选择、因果等关系的词语。严格说来，这类错误主要属于行文逻辑的错误。例如：
(1) We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do.
(and 改为 but，因此处语意转折)
(2) I told Mother, Father, Sister, all my friends here what a great time I had.
(all 前加 and，表示并列关系)
(3) It is a very important exam but I can’t afford to fail it.
(but 改为 and / so，此处表因果关系，并非转折关系)
(4) It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.
(and 改为 or，a visitor 和 a guest 应是选择关系，意思是“好像我的父母亲把我当作一个来访者或一个客人”)
(7) I’m the captain of our school team so with my fellow players we’ve won several games. (so 改为 and，表并列关系)
7、动词
此考点归纳的是除动词时态与非谓语动词之外的动词考点，它包括被动语态、情态动词、动词形式的变化、动词用法辨析、动词 be 的误加与漏用等。
(1) Charles and Linda were seeing near the top of the building.
(seeing 改为 seen，因为从含义上看，此处谓语应用被动语态)
(2) Books may be keep for four weeks.
(keep 改为 kept，因此处要用被动语态)
(3) …and let you know when the book you want has returned.
(returned 之前加 been，因从句意上看，此处要用被动语态)
(4) Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.
(go 改为 come，由句意可知)
(5) They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
(eager 前加were，因此处缺谓语动词)
8、时态
动词时态考点主要涉及一般现在时与一般过去的区别，其命题方式通常是在一个一般现在时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；或者反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般现在时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be 和 have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其他时态，如一般将来时，现在完成时等，但很少见。例如：
(1) We were driving along a narrow road when the car stop…
(stop改为stopped)
(2) Also, scientists and doctors had learned how to deal with many diseases.
(had 改为 have)
(3) If the book you will want is out, you may ask for it to be called back for you.
(去掉 will)
9、非谓语动词
短文改错对非谓语动词的考查主要涉及不定式符号 to 的有无，介词后该使用动词的什么形式(用动名词)，并列结构中几个非谓语动词是否一致，动词用作主语时用何种形式(可用动名词或不定式，但不能用动词原形)等。
(1) David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.
(wanted 后加 to，因为want 后要接不定式)
(2) …rather than go into the forest and getting lost.
(getting 改 get，因为 get 与其前的go 并列)
(3) Modern people know more about health, have better food, and to live in clearer surroundings. (去掉live 前的 to，因为 live 与其前的 know, have 并列)
(4) …you pay the cost of send a postcard, the librarian will write to you.
(send改为sending，因为介词后接动名词作宾语)
10、从句
短文改错对从句引导词的考查主要涉及根据句意正确选用引导词、引导词的误加与漏用、将不是从句的东西误认为是从句而误加引导词等。 
(1) In the last five years that they’ve climbed churches, high buildings and television towers. (去掉 that，因此处的 in the last five years 为时间状语，其后无需用that)
(2) Charles said, “As soon I see a really tall building, I want to climb it.
（I 前加 as，因 as soon as 为引导时间状语从句的引导词）
(3) Most people can quickly get help from a doctor or go to a hospital since they are ill. (since 改为 when / if / whenever。从句意上看此处用 since 讲不通，改为 if / when / whenever 均可)
(4) However, there are still some countries there people have shorter lives.
(there 改为 where，where 在此引导定语从句)
(5) …in other places where you are limited to a certain number, of which some may be novels. (去掉 where，in other places 在此为地点状语)
11、主谓一致
从广义来说，英语中的一致问题涉及多个方面，如主谓一致、人称的一致、并列结构的前后一致等。由于人称的一致已归入“代词”考点、并列结构的前后一致已分别归入非谓语动词、时态等，所以这里只归纳主谓一致问题。
(1) Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. (give 改为 gives，它与makes 为平行结构，构成并列谓语动词)
(2) Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.
(is 改为 are，因主语是 my picture and the prize，故谓语动词要用复数)
(3) But then there is always more mysteries to look into.
(is 改为 are，因其后的 mysteries 为复数，故谓语动词要用复数)
(4) But not all information are good to society.
(are改为is，因为主语是不可数名词information，表单数)
12、缺词考点
与多词错误的情形相似，漏词也主要涉及英语中一些“小”词，如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be等。具体说来，漏词错误可能涉及的问题有：不及物动词后接宾语时漏加必要的介词，在该带不定式符号to的地方漏加 to，在单数可数名词表示泛指意义时漏加必要的限定词(尤其是漏加不定冠词)，漏掉表特指的定冠词，漏掉被动语态中的助动词 be，漏加系表结构中的连系动词 be，漏加一些常用结构或表达中的介词(如漏掉 a lot of 中的 of，漏掉 because of 中的 of，漏掉 instead of 中的 of等)，漏掉某些从句的“引导词”(通常会导致意义不通)，等等。
(1) When I have free time I go a long walk.
(go 后加 for，go for a walk 是习语)
(2) Charles said, “As soon I see a realy tall building, I want to climb it.
（第一个I 前加 as，因为 as soon as 为引导时间状语从句的引导词）
(3) The World Health Organization and other organizations are working improve health all over the world. (improve前加 to，to improve…为表目的的不定式短语)
(4) In some places you may borrow many books as you want.
(many 之前加 as，因此处为as ... as 结构)
(5) I had always wanted return to the village after moving away.
(return前加 to，因为 want 后要接不定式)
13. 多词考点
多词错误主要涉及英语中一些“小”词，如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be、比较级more等。具体说来，多词错误可能涉及的问题有：及物动词后接宾语时误加介词，在该用动词原形的地方误加不定式符号to，在物质名词、抽象名词、复数名词等表示泛指时误加定冠词，在一些可直接用作状语的短语前误加介词in, on, for 等，误加一些导致语义重复的小词(如two 与both连用，all 与whole 连用等)，在本身已是比较级的词前误加more，在不是从句的地方误加从句“引导词”，在一些习惯用语和固定表达中误加不该用的“小词”(如冠词、介词、副词等)，等等。
(1) David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.
(去掉 it，因它与其前的关系代词 which 语义重复)
(2) Some people read the books or watch television while others have sports.
(去掉 the，因这里的 books 表泛指，不表特指)
(3) In the last five years that they’ve climbed churches, high buildings and television towers. (去掉 that，因此处的 in the last five years 为时间状语，其后无需用that)
(4) Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital when they are ill. (去掉 for，因其前的 get 是及物动词)
三、练习
1、（10重庆）
Here is my idea about how a friend is like. Firstly, 76.
a friend is someone you can share your secrets. If you 77.
tell him a secret, never will he talks about it with anybody 78.
else. Besides, a friend is always good listener when you 79.
need one. After hear your sad stories, he will say some 80.
words that is nice and warm. Still, your happiness makes 81.
him happily too. What’s more, a good friend is willing to 82.
offer the help to which you need, or can at least give you 83.
some advices. In a word, friends are those you like and 84.
trust, and you will enjoy every minute that you spent with 85.
them.
2、（10全国Ⅱ）
Christie was one of my best friend at high school 76
At that time, we often spend time together. 77
Thank to her help, I made great progress in my 78
study. Last year, she decided to study abroad. In 79
other words, we would be separated for long time. 80
Before her leaving off, I prepared a gift to show 81
my best whishes to him. She said it was the best 82
gift she has ever had. From then on, we’ve 83
kept touch with another through e-mails. I 84
look forward to see her again in the near future. 85
3、（10全国Ⅰ）
It was a chance of a lifetime to win the first 76_____
prize on the Story Writing Show. All I had to do 77_____
was to write a story or present it. My teachers 78_____
have been telling me how great my writing was. 79_____
So if they had said was true, I would have a chance 80_____
of winning the prize . What were better , I had useful 81. _____
help . There was Uncle Chen , gentleman living 82. _____
near my house , who was a very much famous writer 83_____
He agreed to reading my story and give me some 84_____
advices on how to write like a real writer 85_____

4、（10四川）
An English lady was finally decided that she really should 66_______
learn to drive, And after many attempts, she past her 67_______
driving test and told her husband that，to release， he 68_______
was going to drive him over to France for a holiday， But 69_______
then a week after the trip, she suddenly announced that 70_______
they wouldn’t take the holiday. “How did you change your 71_______
mind?” he asked her by surprise. “Well，it is all because 72_______
of the business of driving on right.” She said, “I have 73______
been practicing for three weeks now， but I still couldn’t 74______
get used to it-in fact, I’ve nearly killed three peoples。” 75______

1、（10重庆）
76. how what,由what引导宾语从句，从句中like缺宾语。
77. 在secret之后加with，share sth. with sb.
78. talks talk，will后须加动词原形。
79. 在always之后加a，listener是可数名词，且是泛指。
80. hear hearing，after是介词，后接名词或动词-ing形式。
81. is are，that代指先行词words，所以谓语动词要用复数。
82. happily happy，形容词作宾语补足语。
83. 去掉to，which you need作定语，意为：提供你所需的帮助。
84. advices advice，advice是不可数名词。
85. spent spend，前后时态须一致。
2、（10全国Ⅱ）
76. friend → friends. one of 后接名词复数
77. spend →spent. At that time表示过去发生的事情
78. Thank →Thanks. Thanks to 是固定短语，“多亏了，因为”
79. √
80. for a long. For a long time表示“一段时间”，固定短语
81. 去掉off. leave 已经表示离开之意，off多余
82. him →her. 代词使用要一致。
83. has →had.时态错误，应为过去完成时。
84. kept ∧in touch 固定短语keep in touch with表示“与人保持联系”
85. see →seeing. look forward to中的to是介词，后接动词时要用动名词形式。
3、（10全国Ⅰ）
76. 正确。
77. on改为in, in…show “在…节目里”。
78. or改为and，or表选择，and表顺接和并列。
79. have改为had，上下文时态要一致。
80. if后加what，what引导主语从句，在句中意思为“…的话”
81. were 改为was，不可数名词谓语动词用单数。
82. gentleman前加a，gentleman是可数名词。
83. much去掉，“非常出名”，very修饰形容词，very much修饰动词。
84. reading改为read，agree to do sth.“同意做某事”。
85. advices改为advice，advice是不可数名词。
4、（10四川）
66. 答案：去掉finally 前的was 解析：lady与decide 之间为主动关系
67. 答案：past→passed 解析：此处意为“通过”，应使用pass的过去式
68. 答案：he→she解析：此处应为妻子要带丈夫去法国，应用女性的人称代词
69. √
70. 答案：after→before：此处应为在此次旅行之间，妻子就因不适应右侧驾驶改变了主意
71答案：How→Why解析：此处为丈夫对妻子突然改变主意不理解，而询问原因
72. 答案：by→in解析：in surprise 为固定搭配，意为“惊奇地，惊讶地”
73. 答案：right→the right解析：方位名词前腰加定冠词
74. 答案：couldn’t→can’t解析：此处应为目前还不是要右侧驾驶，应用现在时。
75. 答案：peoples→people解析：不可数名词
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