美国文学现实主义文学.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/5/9,*,Part IV The Literature of Realism,美国现实主义文学,(1860-1914),单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2021/5/9,*,Requirements:,ClassAttendance,Preparatoryworkandafter-classreading,2021/5/9,1,Part IVThe Literature of Realism,美国现实主义文学,(1860-1914),2021/5/9,2,Historical Introduction,Literary Movements between the Civil War and the First World War,The Establishment of American Poetry,Rise of the American Novel,Literature on the Black,2021/5/9,3,Historical Overview,The Civil War,the development of railroads,the spread of industrialism,the frontier,2021/5/9,4,The gilded age,镀金时代,:,seemingly prosperous society;an age of excess and extremes,of decline,and progress,of poverty ad dazzling wealth,of gloom and buoyant hope,2021/5/9,5,美国资本主义大工业迅猛发展,迫使原住民离乡背井,这幅图画展示的就是“镀金时代”的景象,2021/5/9,6,1.American Realism,2.American Naturalism,3.Local Colorism,II Literary Movements,between the Civil War and the First World War,2021/5/9,7,Realism,:,a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or“reflecting”faithfully an actual way of life.Modern criticism frequently insists that realism is not a direct or simple reproduction of reality but a system of conventions producing a lifelike illusion of some“real”world outside the text,by processes of selection,exclusion,description,and manners of addressing the reader.(,Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms,),2021/5/9,8,Emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.,Realists seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences.They expressed the concern for the world of experience,of the commonplace,and for the familiar and the low.,Realism is embedded in a mimetic theory of art.Realists believe that literature imitates reality.,Features of Realism,2021/5/9,9,Representatives of American Realism,Mark Twain,马克,吐温,William Dean Howells,威廉,迪恩,豪威尔斯,Henry James,亨利,詹姆斯,1.American Realism,2021/5/9,10,2.American Naturalism,Naturalism,is a more deliberate kind of realism in novels,stories and plays,usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.,2021/5/9,11,Features of American Naturalism,A,post-Darwinian,movement(the survival of the fittest)of the late 19th century,Naturalism applies the principles of,scientific determination,to fiction.,The world is,amoral,;,Men and women have,no free will,;their lives are controlled by heredity and the environment,Religious,“truths”,are,illusory,The destiny of humanity is,misery in life,and,oblivion in,death,.(pessimism and deterministic ideas),2.American Naturalism,2021/5/9,12,2.1 The major writers of American Naturalism,Stephen Crane,斯蒂芬,克莱恩,Frank Norris,弗兰克,诺里斯,Jack London,杰克,伦敦,Henry Adams,亨利,亚当斯,Theodore Dreiser,西奥多,德莱塞,2.American Naturalism,2021/5/9,13,Local Colorism,Local colorism is dependent upon a specific geographical location.Local colorists give emphasis to the local details by tapping into its folklore,history,mannerism,custom,beliefs and speech.Dialects peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings.They tend to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.,Mark Twain,2021/5/9,14,Walt Whitman,Emily Dickinson,III The Establishment of American Poetry,2021/5/9,15,I.Reputation,One of the most,original,and,inspiring,American poets,“An American bard at last!,One of the roughs,large,proud,affectionate,eating,drinking,and breeding,his,costume manly and free,his,face sunburnt and bearded,his postures strong and erect”,(from“Leaves of Grass”1st edition),Walt Whitman,沃尔特,.,惠特曼,(1819-1892),2021/5/9,16,II.Life Story,B,orn,on Long Island (,长岛,),New York(his parents were,poor and semiliterate),Began,working,as an office boy in a law firm,then for a,doctor(he had,only five or six years of formal,schooling,but through private reading he became well,educated),1836-1841,Worked as an elementary school teacher,1842,Became editor of,The New York Aurora,Make a sojourn in the South,2021/5/9,17,II.Life Story,self-published the first edition of,Leaves of Grass,During the Civil War,a correspondent for The New York Times,and a volunteer nurse in army hospitals,With the money from the 6th edition he was able to buy his own house,1892,died at Camden(A city of western New Jersey),He was poor all his life and never married.,2021/5/9,18,III.His Major Contribution,1.Centered on ideas of,democracy,equality,and,brotherhood.,Why?,Whitmans life time saw the Civil War and witnessed,both the apex(,顶点,)and the abolition of slavery.,2.Develop a type of poetry that was uniquely American,that both surpassed and broke the mold of its predecessors.(free verse),Why?,In response to the rise of the United States as a,commercial and political power in the world.,2021/5/9,19,Free verse,is rhymed or unrhymed poetry free from conventional rules of meter;instead,it uses the cadences(,抑扬顿挫,)of natural speech.Whitman created a rhythm that corresponds to the vibrancy and flow of his emotions and sensory perceptions.,Whitman,pioneered“free verse”,and made it acceptable in,American poetry.,Poets famous,for their works composed in,free verse,include,Walt Whitman,Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,Amy,Lowell,and,Carl Sandburg.,Free Verse,自由诗,2021/5/9,20,Leaves of Grass,草叶集,（,first in 1855,）,a poet who is a fervent advocate for equality and democracy,a poet celebrating the people in village and cities of America,a poet in love with a Nature embodying the Over-soul and a poet who expressed the pleasures of sex and the sensuality of the body.Whitman openly celebrates the“body electric”,the sexual organs,and the act of sex.He was the one of the first poets to write abut the masturbation,female eroticism,homosexuality and the anguish of sexual desire being repressed.,2021/5/9,21,自己之歌,1,我赞美自己，我歌唱自己，凡我接受者，你也将接受，因为属于我的每个原子，也属于你。,我邀请灵魂一道逍遥，我逍遥自在地俯身下视，观察一片夏天的青草。,我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都来自这些泥土、这些空气，我在这里为父母所生，我的父母也在这里为父母所生，他们的父母也是如此，我现在,37,岁，身体健壮，开始起步了，但愿永不停止，一直到死。,2021/5/9,22,V.Special Features of his Poems,1.Topics:songs for himself,for the labour of the common American people,for natural creation,for the independence of the country,for love and friendship,and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.,2.Poetic structures:,2.1,Lines,:often,long,2.5 Composed like,mosaics,2021/5/9,23,V.Special Features of his Poems,4.Language,Parallelism or a rhythm of thought,Phonetic recurrence,Strong tendency to use,oral English,:Slang words,foreign words,technical words,sexual words,and learned words,3.Catalogue technique,Typical poems by Whitman make long,long,lists,of images,of sights,sounds,smells,taste and touch,2021/5/9,24,VI.,Leaves of Grass,Grass:section 6,“A child said,what is the grass,?”,“I guess it must be the flag of my disposition,out of,hopeful,green stuff woven”,ideal and hope,“Sprouting alike in broad zones and narrow zones”,equality,“goes onward and outward,nothing collapses”,development,2021/5/9,25,VI.,Leaves of Grass,1.Americas first genuine,epic poem,.,2.The,title,implies rebirth,renewal or green life,3.Nine editions with more than 400 poems all written in,free verse form,free flowing,simple and sometimes rather crude,conversational and casual,4.extols the,ideals of equality and democracy,without rank and hierarchy.,eg.He moves from himself to“you”and to others,to all humanity en masse about him;sing of the“en masse”and self as well,2021/5/9,26,5.Shows concern for,scientific,achievements.(atom,dynamo,oil),6.Describes,sexual love,.,The famous“twenty-ninth bather”,can be found in the,eleventh section of“Song of Myself”,.,In this section a woman watches twenty-eight young men,bathing in the ocean.She fantasizes about joining them,unseen,and describes their semi-nude bodies in some,detail.(like Emersons“transparent eyeball”),The lavish eroticism(,色情,)reinforces this idea:sexual,contact allows two people to become one yet not one-it,offers a moment of transcendence.,Leaves of Grass,2021/5/9,27,Emily Dickinson,艾米莉,.,迪金森,(1830-1886),I.Reputation,A poet of genuinely,philosophical,and,tragic,dimensions.,A,romantic,poet,A,recluse,Shares the same reputation with Poe and Whitman as Americas most,innovative,poet,2021/5/9,28,II.Life Story,Born in Amherst,Massachusetts(a well-to-do family),Went to Washington D.C.for a short time,Went to Philadelphia for a visit,enamored with a married,clergyman,Charles Wadsworth,Died of Brights disease(,布赖特氏病，肾小球肾炎,)at,Amherst.,did not travel much and did not marry,be acquainted with the works of Emerson,Thoreau and Hawthorne,studied the Bible,2021/5/9,29,She wrote 1775 poems,but she had only seven poems,published during her lifetime.,“Because I could not stop for Death,”,“因为我不能停下来等待死神”,“,A Bird came down the Walk”“,一只小鸟沿小径走来”,“,I died for Beauty but was scarce”“,我为美而死,-,但几乎不”,“,I heard a Fly buzz when I died”“,我听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声,-,在我死时”,III.Her Major Works,2021/5/9,30,IV.Her Theory of Poetry,1.She regarded the,poet,as a seer(,先知，预言家）,.,2.,Poetry,had an impact on ones life.,3.She stressed,indirection.,Her poems are obscure,cryptic(,隐密的）,indirect and,paradoxical.,4.Her poems demonstrate,inconsistency.,2021/5/9,31,V.Subjects of Her Poems,1.“Her subjects were,love,death,nature,religion,immortality,pain,beauty,.”(McMichael),Death:,an inevitable conclusion of life,personified,as a monarch,a lord,or a,kind but,irresistible lover,Beauty:,perceived in the wholeness and harmonious,relationships of nature,2.The range of her poetry suggests the power of her,creativity and imagination.,2021/5/9,32,VI.Her Poetic Style,1.Influence of,Christian tradition,1.1 the,Biblical,language and allusions,1.2 illuminated hidden recesses in the,human soul,1.3 used the meter of,hymns,four-line stanzas,ABCB rhyme schemes,alternations in iambic meter between,tetrameter,(four feet),and,trimeter,(three feet),place her own long,rhythmic dashes designed to interrupt the meter and indicate short pauses,2021/5/9,33,VI.Her Poetic Style,2.,New England,perspective:,2.1,Puritan introspection,(into the hidden areas of the soul),2.2,Brevity,and,intensity,4.Wit,4.1 Use of the Persona,“I”,4.2 Use of,Paradox,and,Irony,5.Unorthodox,syntax,and,punctuation,Not inflect the third person singular form of the verb,Capitalization,and dashes often used willfully,2021/5/9,34,1.a lyric,2.richest personifications,3.Death:a gentleman,a courtly suitor,a fraudulent seducer,a statement of Dickinsons own ambivalent reactions to death and immortality,Is death a release from a lifetime of work and suffering?,Is death the gateway to a lasting peace in paradise?,Is death simply a cold,mindless annihilation?,4.theme:death,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,35,Stanza 1:,Line 1,:a lady,the persona of the poet is too busy and,too contented to stop for the gentlemans call,Line 2,:Through his kindness and consideration,she is compelled at last to go with him.,Line 3,:The scene is set in the carriage,Mood:intimacy,Line 4,:as a true gentleman,he has a chaperone,“Immortality”,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,36,Stanza 2:Mood:peacefulness,Line1:indicates the peacefulness and pleasantness,surrounding an appointment with a boy friend,Line2-3:She is completely captivated by him,She needs neither labor nor leisure.,Line 4:In his“Civility”he has taken care of everything.,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,37,Stanza 3:They are near the edge of the town.,Three images:,Children,:“strove”;youth,Gazing Grain,:maturity,Setting Sun,:a dying lady is setting;age,The three images are fused into one:,a mortal experience:the three states of youth,maturity and age,the cycle of day from morning to evening,a suggestion of seasonal progression from spring through ripening to decline.,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,38,Stanza 4:the lady is getting closer to death,The Dews,:“quivering and chill”,the traditional associations of the coldness of,death,Gossamer,（轻而软的精细材料,):associated with spirits,Tippet:,something might be seen around the shoulders of,a deceased woman.,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,39,Stanza 5:,they have arrived at a country cemetery.,The house:the house of death,a fresh grave,Stanza 6:,The lady is alone now;She had,therefore,apparently been tricked,seduced,and then,abandoned.,Because I could not stop for Death,2021/5/9,40,The Novel of the West:Mark Twain,American Realists:Henry James,American Naturalists:Jack London,Theodore Dreiser,IV Rise of the American Novel,2021/5/9,41,Local colorism,I.Background,1)Westward expansion was still going on.The United States,had not,solidified itself into a cohesive,cultural whole,.Marked differences existed between different parts of the country.They tried to assert their unique identity and understanding and recognition by showing their local character.,2)The,frontier humorists,had prepared the literary ground for local colorism.(,tall tales,),3),Magazines,appeared to let writers publish their works.,2021/5/9,42,Local colorism,Tall tales,The tall tale is a fundamental element of American folk literature.The tall tales origins are seen in the bragging contests that often occurred when the rough men of the American frontier gathered.In those days,people didnt have TV,computers or electric lights to read by,so they told stories for entertainment.,2021/5/9,43,Elements of tall tales,The main character is bigger than life and has super-human abilities,The story has many exaggerations in it.,The main character has a problem or problems to solve.,2021/5/9,44,The story includes lots of action.,The plot of the story is funny and impossible.,In the end,the main character solves a problem,overcomes an obstacle and/or defeats the“bad guy”.,2021/5/9,45,Local colorism,2.Definition,Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary,realism,.Generally,the works by local colorists are concerned with the life of a small region or province.This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an area,which are marked by its customs,dialects,landscape,or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence.,Tasks of local colorists,:to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others,usually a very small part of the world.,2021/5/9,46,Local colorism,3.Development,Local colorism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Francis Bret Bartes(,弗朗西斯,布莱特,哈特,),The Luck of Roaring Camp,(,咆哮营的幸运儿,)in 1868 marked a significant development in the history of local color fiction.,The period from the 1880s to the 1890s was a spectacular growth of regional literature.,2021/5/9,47,Local colorism,3)At the turn of the 20th century,local colorism ceased to be a dominate fashion.,2021/5/9,48,Mark,Twain(1835-1910,),Full name:,Samuel Langhorne Clemens,塞缪尔,.,郎荷恩,.,克莱门斯,Pseudonym“,Mark Twain,”:,the way of a boatman taking soundings,meaning,“two fathoms”,(12 feet)or“safe water”,2021/5/9,49,The Novel of the West:Mark Twain(1835-1910),I.Reputation,A,humorous public speak