B2U4课文翻译及课后练习答案.doc

Unit 1 Psychology in Our Daily Life
In-Class Reading Is There a Doctor in the Body?

人体内有医生吗？
1 当你去看病时，你总希望离开时能带走一张药方。知道自己能得到一些药会让你感觉好一些。但是医生清楚并不是所有情况都需要用药。有时病人所需要的只是一个一切都会好的保证。在这种情况下，医生可能就会开安慰剂。
2 安慰剂可以是糖丸、无害的针剂，或者空的胶囊。尽管安慰剂中没有任何药物成分，但似乎也能使人康复。病人以为这就是药，然后开始好转。这究竟是怎么回事呢？
3 安慰剂的研究让人们对人体如何进行自愈有了新的认识。就好像我们每个人体内都有一个医生一样，这位“医生”能治好我们的病，如果我们让他治疗的话。
4 但是，我们仍然不清楚安慰剂究竟是如何治病的。有些人说，它能起作用是因为人脑会欺骗自己。这些人说如果能使大脑上当，误以为得到了药物治疗，那么大脑就会像真的得到了药物一样行事，于是身体就会好转。
5 另一些人持不同意见。他们认为病人希望身体好转，而安慰剂能促使这种愿望成真。如果病人知道是安慰剂的话，那就没有效果了。这表明人体并没有上当受骗。情况似乎是这样：如果病人以为他们得到了药物治疗，他们就会充满希望。他们感到自己在接受治疗，这使他们更加强烈地希望身体好转，而正是这种希望帮助他们康复。
6 安慰剂并不总是有效。这种疗法是否成功在很大程度上似乎取决于病人与医生之间的关系。如果病人非常信任医生，而医生又真心想帮助病人的话，安慰剂就更有可能起作用。所以从某种意义上说，医生是最有效的安慰剂。
7 有一项研究可以作为例子来说明医生在促使安慰剂发挥效用的过程中所起的作用。一些溃疡出血的病人被分为两组。第一组病人由一位医生告诉他们用了一种新药，并且相信这种药能够缓解他们的疼痛感。第二组病人由一位护士告诉他们用了一种新药，但是药效如何却不太清楚。结果，第一组中70%的病人病情明显好转，而第二组中只有25%的病人情况有了好转。实际上，给这两组病人用的是同样的安慰剂。
8 人们已发现安慰剂能在很多不同的病例中发挥作用。它对于晕船、咳嗽、感冒、甚至术后疼痛这样的病症都有帮助。曾经有过一项实验来检验安慰剂是否能帮助老人健康长寿。
9 这项实验是在罗马尼亚的150名60岁以上的老人中进行的。他们被分成三组，每组50人。第一组的老人什么也没给。第二组用了安慰剂。第三组用了真药，并被告知这种药对于因年老而出现的疾病有帮助（实际上它根本不是针对老年人的药）。研究人员对三个组的老人的研究持续了很多年。结果显示第一组的状况与那个村庄里老年人一贯的状况没有什么区别；第二组老人（用了安慰剂的）身体要健康得多，死亡率也降低了；第三组老人（用了真药的）与用安慰剂的那组老人结果大致相同。
10 使用安慰剂也会导致不良后果。如果病人认为吃药会带来不良反应，那么他们用了安慰剂之后也会有不良反应。这似乎表明你对药物产生何种反应在很大程度上是取决于你的心理而不是你的身体。一些医生仍然认为如果安慰剂有可能导致不良后果，那就不该使用。他们觉得对于安慰剂的了解还不够。
11 尽管如此，在别的一些国家，对安慰剂的使用已为人熟知了上百年。在一些非洲国家，部落的医生很早就知道如果病人认为自己会好起来，他们就会好起来。他们采用的很多疗法看似不可能治好病人，但居然行之有效。
12 安慰剂的奇效似乎确实表明人的精神力量比我们所想象的要更为强大。有些人认为你可以用精神来治愈自己的疾病。有趣的是甚至那些信誓旦旦认为这是不可能的人也因为用了安慰剂而完全康复了。

After-Class Reading
如何消除排队的怒火
1 如果这个假期你在机场或车站排长队，你是会试着去分析一下排队到底有什么地方使你生气呢还是只会对身边的管理人员生气？
2 理查德·拉森教授是麻省理工学院的电气工程师，他也讨厌排队。但是他并未因此而怒发冲冠，相反，他决定要研究这个课题。他的第一个研究结果表明，人们恼怒的程度与等待时间的长短并不直接相关，这也验证了美国国家科学基金会的早期研究。他以休斯顿机场的实验为例。在休斯顿机场，乘客们下飞机之后走到行李提取处得用1分钟，然后再等7分钟才能取到行李。对此旅客怨声不断，尤其是那些等候领取行李的旅客，他们眼睁睁地看着那些只带着手提行李的旅客可以马上走出机场，而自己却要等上7分钟。
3 机场管理机构决定加长乘客下飞机后的步行距离，这样，走到行李提取处需要6分钟，而不再是快速行走1分钟就能到达。当他们最终来到行李提取处时只需要等待2分钟。那些只带着手提行李的乘客却为此多耽误了5分钟，可是旅客们的抱怨几乎下降为零。
4 原因是什么？拉森指出，这一切都与他称之为“社会公正”的现象有关。人们看到别人抄近路，就会觉得自己的等待难以忍受。因此，对于机场来说，让每个人都耽误一下的做法是可取的。
5 拉森研究了另一个方面，他观察到：如果不告知人们发生了什么，他们就会变得更加不满。那些知道会耽搁半小时的乘客会比那些莫名其妙等候20分钟的乘客情绪要好一些。
6 但是即使知道了我们得等多长时间也不能解决所有问题。我们还要相信有关方面正在采取一切措施来减少耽误的时间。拉森以美国两家相邻的银行为例。一家高度计算机化，为每个顾客服务的时间平均为30秒。另一家自动化程度比较低，为顾客服务需要两倍的时间。但是因为第二家银行的出纳员看起来非常忙碌，顾客们以为它的服务更快，于是许多人把账户转到了这家效率低的银行。最终，第一家银行不得不引进费时但看起来却更具活力的工作方法。

课内阅读练习答案
Part One Preparation
1. Psychology in Daily Life
Sample
l Peer pressure greatly influences my personal decisions. For example, if all my classmates keep silent when the English teacher raises a question, I won’t raise my hand even when I know the answer. If all my friends have their hair dyed, I might dye my hair too. Otherwise I would think my hair style is not fashionable. I make such choices because I want to fit in and be accepted and approved by my friends. I think their friendship and approval are important to me.

l I think peer pressure can have both positive and negative effects on us, depending on the outcome and consequences. For example, when peers pressure each other to try their best in studies and sports, the outcome will often be positive. However, if peers pressure each other to do things such as smoking, speeding or bullying, the results will be negative.
l I think those who suffer from peer pressure should try to build up their own self-esteem and self-confidence. They should know that everybody can go their own way and if their behavior or decision is different from others’, it won’t be the end of the world. When they become confident enough, they will feel free to make decisions for themselves.

2. Getting to Know Your Classmates
Sample
Possible reasons for the beliefs and feelings:
• Those who love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and take delight in shopping.
Sometimes they have a sense of accomplishment after shopping is done. In other cases, when people are in low spirits, they may do a lot of shopping.
• Some people do not eat beef because of their religious beliefs. For example, Hindus do not eat beef. Others do not eat beef because of their family eating habits or because they are vegetarians. Still others do not eat beef because they think it’s too cruel to kill cows—cows will be in tears before being killed.
• Bus service in some places is very poor. Buses there are usually crowded and dirty. That’s why people don’t like to ride on a bus, and when they are on a bus, they may get sick. The result will probably be that they dislike riding on a bus even more.
• Those who frequently talk to themselves are often timid and reserved. They can express their own feelings by doing so. Some people talk to themselves because they are not sure of themselves. They can practice talking to others in their imagination, i.e., by imagining that they are facing other people and talking with them.
• Some people are terrified of snakes because some snakes are poisonous. Bites from poisonous snakes can be fatal if there is no immediate treatment. Other people dislike them because they think all snakes are ugly and disgusting.
• People sometimes associate danger, threat or even ghosts with darkness. In darkness, people may feel lonely and helpless. And, at the same time, they may be afraid that something bad may happen at any moment.
• Some people think they are too fat when compared with those slim people around them. In most parts of the world, people are worried when they gain weight and try almost anything to keep slim. Everyone hopes to be good-looking or beautiful and most try to follow the trend.
• Those who hold on to their money as long as possible are usually very thrifty. They are afraid that if they spend all the money they have, they will have nothing to rely on later. With as much money as they can save, they’ll at least have a sense of security.
• People who hate queuing are impatient. They think it is a waste of time to queue. So they try to avoid queuing. Some people jump the queue when possible, but it’s not a good practice.
When you jump the queue you’re stealing time from other people. If you hate queuing, try to avoid it.
• Some people may fear ghosts after they have heard or read ghost stories. Those who have dreamed of ghosts may believe in them too. People who have experienced very unusual things at night that they couldn’t explain may believe that ghosts were involved in the incidents.
• Some people believe that everyone has a particular fate. It is fate that determines their lives.
They are anxious to find out what their future will be like. So they may go to a fortune-teller in order to learn about their future in advance. When they have serious problems they may also want to go to a fortune-teller hoping that the fortune-teller will let them know what to do to solve the problems.
• Some people care a lot about their physical appearance. They want to be properly dressed in order to impress other people, and they may be unsure of themselves. So they may stand in front of a mirror for more than 10 minutes deciding if they look impressive.

3. A Fun Test: Come Along on an Incredible Journey into the Desert!
The desert represents a series of hardships. Each of the animals represents an aspect of your life, and the order in which you sacrifice the animals might be said to represent the importance of these things to you.
The animal that you sacrificed first is the least important, and the one that you kept may be the most important. The cow represents basic needs.
The sheep represents friendship.
The lion represents pride.
The monkey represents creativity.
The horse represents passion.
Additional activity
Another Fun Test for Your Reference:
1 You are walking to your boyfriend’s / girlfriend’s house. There are two roads to get there. One is a straight path to take you there quickly, but is very plain and boring. The other is significantly long but is full of wonderful sights and interesting things. Which one do you take, the short one or the long one?
2 On the way you see two rose bushes. One is full of red roses, and the other white roses. You decide to pick 20 roses for your friend, of any color combination. What number of white and red do you pick? (You can pick all of one color or any combination of the two.)
3 You finally get to the house. A family member answers the door. You can either have him / her tell your friend you have arrived, or go find your friend yourself. Which would you do?
4 You go up to your friend’s room, but nobody is there. You decide to leave the roses there. Do
you leave them by the windowsill (窗台) or on the bed?
5 Later, it’s time for bed. You and your friend go to sleep in separate rooms. In the morning when it’s time to wake up, you go to your friend’s room and check on him / her. When you arrive, do you think he / she is more probably awake or asleep?
6 Now it’s time to go back home. Will you take the short, plain road or the long, more interesting road?

The Answers:
1 The road represents your attitude toward falling in love. If you take the short road, you fall in love quickly and easily. If you take the long road, you prefer to take your time and do not fall in love easily.
2 The number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship, while the number of white represents what you expect in return. For example, if you choose 18 red and 2 white, you give 90% and expect 10% in return.
3 This represents your attitude toward handling relationship problems. If you asked the family member to find your friend, then you like to avoid problems and hope that they will solve themselves. If you went to get him / her yourself, then you are a more direct person and like to work out problems immediately.
4 The placement of roses determines how much you enjoy visiting your boyfriend / girlfriend.
Placing the roses on the bed means you like to visit your friend, while placing them on the windowsill means that you may prefer not seeing him / her as much.
5 This is representative of your attitude toward your friend’s personality. If you hope to see them asleep, you may love your friend the way they are. If you hope to see them awake, you may expect them to change their personality for you.
6 The road taken indicates how long you prefer to stay in love with someone. If you choose the short road, you fall out of love easily. If you choose the long one, you will tend to stay in love for a long time.

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities
In-Class Reading
Post-Reading
Reading Comprehension

1.
1. Introduction (Paras. 1-2)
The term “placebo” is introduced: when it is prescribed and what it is.

2. The study of the placebo (Paras. 3-7)
A One explanation: The placebo works because the human mind fools itself.
B The other explanation: The placebo makes the wish to get better become reality.
C The most powerful placebo of all: the doctor.
Supporting evidence:
First group (led by a doctor): 70 percent of the people got better.
Second group (led by a nurse): Only 25 percent of the people got better.

3. Different cases in which a placebo may work (Paras. 8-9)
The placebo has been found to work with seasickness, coughs, colds, and pain after an operation.
An experiment was done to see if it works with old people:
The first group were given nothing at all.
Result: The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been.
The second group were given a placebo.
Result: The second group had much better health and a lower death rate.
The third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age.
Result: The third group showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.

4. Two opposite attitudes toward the use of a placebo (Paras. 10-11):
Some doctors think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used.
Other countries are known to have been using placebos for hundreds of years.
5. Conclusion (Para. 12)
It is suggested that the human mind may be stronger than we think it is.

2.
1 placebo 2 reacts 3 work 4 mind 5 case 6 reality 7 relationship
8 trust 9 powerful 10 cases 11 healthy 12 effects 13 medicine 14 placebo
15 stronger

3. Sample
1. I think there is a “doctor” in the body and it is the mind. Usually when we are quite confident, we will react as if everything will go well. That is to say, when we are mentally sure that we will get better, the body will start functioning better. On the contrary, if we lose confidence, our illness will probably get worse. I really believe in the power of “mind over matter”.
2. It depends. If I got better, I would feel lucky to have been given a placebo instead of real medicine because medicine often has some side effects. I would be proud of my willpower and become more confident of myself. However, if I didn’t get better, I would be unhappy and feel I was fooled or mistreated. I would probably never go back to that doctor. It sounds unfair to the doctor. Anyway, that’s what I think about placebos.

Vocabulary
1.
1. A a substance used for treating illness
B the study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries
2. A firing a gun
B an injection of a drug
3. A the part of a spacecraft in which astronauts live and work
B a plastic container shaped like a very small tube with medicine inside
4. A become whole and sound; return to health
B become mentally or emotionally strong again after a bad experience
5. A a particular way of behaving toward sb. or of dealing with them
B a method that is intended to cure an injury or illness
6. A the process of cutting into sb.’s body to repair or remove a part that is damaged
B the process of making a machine or system work
7. A a person or their particular problem that a doctor is dealing with
B a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or group
8. A make sb. think that a particular thing is true; indicate
B tell sb. your ideas about what they should do, where they should go, etc.

2.
1 A 2 E 3 F 4 D 5 G 6 H 7 C 8 B

3.
1 prescribed / prescribes 2 opening up 3 reaction 4 reassure
5 bled 6 in a way 7 heal 8 harmless
Translation
1 All I can say is that we are extremely sorry to wake you up so early.
2 He is highly likely to succeed because of his intelligence and diligence.
3 The way she talked to me was odd / strange, as if I were the president of the country.
4 It is reported that three people were injured in the traffic accident yesterday.
5 The patient is much the same this morning as he was yesterday.
6 He’d like to stay at home rather than go to a movie with us.
Part Three Further Development
1. Grammar Review
1 I comfort myself with the fact that all my friends support me.
2 In medical school, I learned / was taught the truth that almost all drugs have side effects.
3 We are all for your proposal that the discussion (should) be put off.
4 I hold the opinion that women need their own space t