先行词为时间地点原因的定语从句.doc

先行词为时间、地点和原因名词的定语从句
（324302）浙江省开化县华埠高中 王东福

先行词为时间、地点和原因的定语从句是高中阶段的语法重点和难点。在选择关系词时，很多学生会想当然地选择when, where和why。实际上存在多种可能性，做题时应当具体问题具体分析。
试看下列几题：
例1：（2002上海春）Is this the reason at the meeting for his careless in his work?
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
正确答案：A
例2：(2004浙江卷)Anyway, that evening, I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place.
A. when B. where C. what D. which
正确答案：D
例3: (2005辽宁卷)I walked in our garden, Tom and Jim were tying a sign onto one of the trees.
A. which B. when C. where D. that
正确答案：C（=in which）
对于这类定语从句我们该如何正确地选择关系词呢？简而言之，先行词在从句中充当状语用关系副词，充当动词宾语时用关系代词。关键在于如何判断先行词在从句中的成分。在这里向大家介绍一种“句式分解法”，再配合以“成分分析法”，就可以轻松地解决这个问题。所谓“句式分解法”，就是在理解句义的基础上，把较为复杂的主从复合句分解成若干个简单明了的简单句。通过主从复合句变简单句之后所增加的成分来判断先行词在定语从句中的成分，最终确定正确的关系词。下面以具体实例分述如下：
一．先行词为时间名词的定语从句
先行词为时间名词的定语从句中，关系词的选择主要存在两种可能性。一类用when,或介词+which;一类用which或that。具体来说，先行词在从句中充当时间状语用前者，在从句中充当宾语用后者。
例4：(2003北京春)We are living in an age many things are done on computer.
A. which B. that C. whose D. when
运用“句式分解法”，把该句拆成两个简单句来理解，相当于：We are living in an age. In this age many things are done on computer. 可以看出in this age 是从句中的时间状语。另一方面，从词性与成分的关系上来分析，先行词age不可能充当从句中不及物动词are done的宾语，只能是整个从句的时间状语。所以正确答案应为D选项，或用in which代替。
例5：(1995上海)In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30pm., many people have gone home.
A. whose time B. that C. on which D. by which time
根据句义分解主从复合句：In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30pm. Because by 5:30pm many people have gone home. 因此D选项才是正确选项。
例6：Summer holidays, they plan to spend in their hometowns, are drawing near.
A. that B. which C. when D. for which
根据句义先分解主从复合句：They plan to spend summer holidays in their hometowns. And now summer holidays are drawing near.显然，先行词summer holidays在从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语成分。C、D选项首先排除。本题是非限制性定语从句，不能用that, 故B选项是正确答案。
注意比较例4和例6从句中的动词特征。从及物动词和不及物动词的角度可以帮助我们正确判断先行词在从句中充当的是时间状语还是宾语。
二．先行词为地点名词的定语从句
先行词为地点名词的定语从句中，关系词的选择主要也是两种可能。先行词在从句中充当地点状语的用where或是介词+which;在从句中充当从句动词的宾语的用which或that。这点与先行词为时间名词的定语从句有异曲同工之处。试比较下列两例：
例7：Is this the factory we will visit next weekend?
A. where B. which C. in which D. what
例8：Is this the factory my father worked ten years ago?
A. where B. which C. for which D. that
运用“句式分解法”分别拆分如下(把原句还原成陈述句为宜)：
例7：This is the factory. We will visit the factory next weekend.
例8：This is the factory. My father worked in the factory ten years ago.
通过分解，可以很清楚地看到例7中先行词the factory在从句中充当的是及物动词visit的宾语，而例8中的先行词充当的则是不及物动词worked的地点状语。因而可以确定正确答案分别是B和A。
与先行词为时间名词的定语从句道理相同，我们同样可以运用“成分分析法”，根据从句动词及物和不及物的特征来判断先行词在从句中充当的是地点状语还是宾语。掌握这个规律，做题就容易多了。
此外，还要注意缺少先行词的情况。如：
例9：Is this factory we will visit next weekend?
A. where B. which C. the one D. that
乍一看，句中this factory似乎是定语从句的先行词。事实上不是。运用“句式还原法”，把原句还原成陈述句：This factory is we will visit next weekend.这样就一目了然了。This factory是句子的主语而非先行词。根据句义，这里缺少先行词，应添加先行词the factory（为避免重复用the one 代替），再加关系词that（可以省略）。故C选项为正确答案。
三．先行词为原因名词reason的定语从句
当先行词reason在定语从句中充当原因状语时，关系词用why 或者for which。也可以用that。在汉语的理解上一般可以套用“为什么……的原因”这样的句式。当先行词reason在从句中充当主语或及物动词宾语时，关系词用which或是that。前面举过的例1就是典型的例子。
例11:The reason John was absent from the conference was still unknown.
A. why B. which C. what D. that
分解句式：Why was John absent from the conference？The reason was still unknown. A为正确选项。
例12：（改错）Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？
根据句义，原句的意思相当于：The reason may explain her absence.. Have you asked her for the reason?看得出the reason在从句中充当的是主语成分。因此，原句的关系副词why使用不当，应改为which或that。
补充一点：the reason后面还可以用“for+名词”的形式做限定词。如：
例14：The reason for her absence was that she was ill.
定语从句的关系词虽然看似很难选择，但如果我们掌握其中的规律，并运用上面所讲的几种行之有效的方法，问题就变得简单多了。
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