非谓语动词语法讲解学生版.doc

非谓语动词语法讲解
一、非谓语动词的概念
　　动词的基本用法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
　　非谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、　动词的过去分词：done
二、三种形式的含义（基本用法）
　　不定式：表示目的和将来；动词的ing：表示主动和进行；过去分词：表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的时态和语态

一般式
完成式
进行式
不定式
主动
to do
to have done
to be doing
被动
to be done
to have been done

ing 形式
主动
doing
having done

被动
being done
having been done

过去分词
被动
done

四、非谓语动词的否定形式
　　在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
五、非谓语动词的复合结构
　　不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
　　动词 ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格＋doing)
六、非谓语动词的做题步骤
　　1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了
　　2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
　　3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
　　4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.
　　学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
七、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
　　1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
　　a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。　动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：
　　________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
　　A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
　　b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
　　It’s important for us to learn English well.
　　It’s kind of you to help us.
　　注意：下面几个句型是用动名词：
　　It’s no good / use doing sth.
　　It’s useless doing sth.
　　There is no need to do sth.
　　2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
　　1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：
　　My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
　　Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do.　（主表语要用同一种形式）
　　2、 分词作表语
　　记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)，　disappoint (失望)，move　（感动），
　　如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
　　3、 在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove　/ turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
非谓语动词十大解题原则
非谓语动词主要包括to do, -ing和-ed三种形式，可是其用法非常广泛，它不仅是高考单项选择题测试的一个重点，而且也是完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错的重要考查内容。为了能更好地掌握非谓语动词的用法，笔者在教学实践中总结出十条实用的解题原则，并且还用相关的题目来解释这些原则。根据这些原则，相信同学们可以轻松地应对非谓语动词。
原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词
例1. _________ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told
C. He had been told D. Though he had been told
例2．_________ many times, he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Having told
C. He had been told D. Though he had told
原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式
例3. ____________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.
A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
例4. __________, I really believe that I’d prefer not to make any change now.
A. Considered all the possibilities
B. Taking all the possibilities into consideration
C. Taken all the possibilities into consideration
D. Giving all the possibilities
原则三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前
例5. __ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally considered _____ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared by all.
A. to have founded B. having founded
C. founding D. to found
原则四、非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来用-to do，表正在进行用-ing，表示已经完成用-ed
例7. The play_____ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture．
A．produced B．being produced
C．to be produced D．having been produced
例8.The trees _____ in the storm have been moved off the road.
A. being blown down B. blown down
C. blowing down D. to blow down
原则五、介词后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加逻辑主语
例9. The discovery of new evidence led to ______________.
A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught
C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught
例10. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom.
A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed
C. being opened and closed D. to open and close
原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语，-ed形式则不可以
例11. ___________ in a heavy traffic jam is quite an unpleasant experience.
A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch
例12 ___twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.
A. Examining B. Examined
C. Being examined D. Having been examined
原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语
例13Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.
A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared
例14 _______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing
原则八、非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构
例15． ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.
A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten
例16._______ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.
A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked
例17. While watching television, __________.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
例18. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语（表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式）。另外，某些形容词（表喜、怒、哀、乐）做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因
例19．_____, you need to give all you have and try your best.
A. Being a winner B. To be a winner
C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner
例20. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _______ the film stars had left.
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
例21. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, ________ in the natural light during the day.
A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let
例22.How glad I am ___________ you!
A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen
原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在非谓语动词前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式
例23______that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.
A. Not realized B. Not to realize
C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized
例24. What worried him most was ______ to visit his sick child.
A. his being not allowed B. his not being allowed
C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed
例25. Sarah has decided ________ away on holiday this summer.
A. don’t go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go

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