必修四unit2词汇讲解.docx
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必修四unit2词汇讲解 核心词汇 第一部分: 1. confuse 英[kənˈfju:z] 动词, 表示“把(某人)弄糊涂; 使迷惑”, “搞乱; 混淆”。 例句: It is important to explain this again or we will confuse the students. 用法: 1)My Chinese and English books are confused together. 我的中英文的书籍混在一起了。 Please don’t confuse Australia with Austria. 别把澳大利亚和奥地利混淆了。 2) confusion n. 混乱; 慌乱; 混淆 There's still confusion about the number of casualties. 伤亡人数依然不明。 We always left his office in a state of confusion. 我们总是一头雾水地离开他的办公室。 Omissions in my recent article must have caused confusion. 我最近一篇文章中的几处省略肯定造成了困惑。 3)confusing和confused辨析: 这两个词都是由confuse转化而来的形容词。confusing意思是“莫名其妙的; 难以理解的(difficult to understand; puzzling)”, 强调事物本身所具有的性质; confused意思是“糊涂的; 迷乱的(unable to think clearly)”, 强调人对某事物的感受。 The statement is highly confusing. 这一声明十分费解。 The uncertainty created by this situation must be confusing for you. 这种局面所造成的不确定性肯定让你感到困惑。 Am I confusing a thought or fantasy with a fact? 我是否混淆了想法(或幻觉)和事实? 练习: 英译汉 They asked me so many questions that they confused me. 他们问我那么多问题把我都弄糊涂了 He was confused by a strange idea. 他被奇怪的念头弄糊涂了。 2. Regret [rɪˈgret] 例句:His father says that he has never regretted sending his son to study abroad. 用法: 1)作动词, 意为“为……感到遗憾; 后悔; 惋惜”。如: I didn’t regret the choice I had made. 我做了这个选择并不后悔。 I regret to say that we can’t stay here any longer. 我很遗憾, 我们不能再在这儿多呆了。 She regretted having missed the film. 她懊悔没能看上那场电影。 2)名词, 意为“遗憾; 后悔”。 I felt a great regret at having spent my time in this way. 我对这样浪费光阴深感懊悔。 3) regret to do sth 表示“遗憾地要……”,后面的动词常是say, tell, speak, inform等; regret doing sth 表示“后悔做过……”; to one’s regret 令人遗憾的是 I regret to inform you he died as a consequence of his injuries. 我很遗憾地通知你,他因伤势太重不治身亡。 Five years later she regrets having given up her home. 5年后她对当初放弃自己的家感到后悔。 I have no regret for whatever I have done. 我对我所做的绝不后悔。 练习: 英译汉 I regret being so rude to you last time. 我很后悔上次对你太无礼了。 Now, I regret having done that. 我现在后悔那样做了。 I regret that I should have spoken so rudely to you. 我悔不该对你讲话那么粗鲁。 3. Build [bɪld] vt.建立;建造,构筑;开发;为…建立基础 vi.建造,营造;扩大,扩展;发展,达到 n.体格,构造;〈俚〉优美的体型,肉体美 例句: Developers are now proposing to build a hotel on the site. 开发商现在建议在这个地方盖一座宾馆。 If the TV was built into the ceiling, you could lie there while watching your favourite programme. 如果把电视嵌入天花板,你就可以躺在那里欣赏你最喜欢的节目了。 He and a partner set up on their own and built a successful fashion company. 他和同伴自己创业,创办了一家成功的时装公司 用法: Build The money to build the power station ought to have been sufficient. 建设电站的资金本该足够了。 There they learnt to build houses. 在那里他们学会了盖房子。 Let's assume for the sake of argument that we manage to build a satisfactory database. 为了便于讨论,不妨假定我们成功地建立了一个令人满意的数据库。 Building We have achieved great successes in the cause of building up our country. 我们在建设我们国家的事业中取得了巨大的成就。 He's in building. 他是搞建筑的。 Building more motorways and bypasses will help the environment by reducing pollution and traffic jams in towns and cities. 建造更多的高速公路和绕城道路能够减少城镇中的污染和交通堵塞,有利于改善环境。 build up增强; 建立; 开发 These chemicals in the food supply build up in people’s bodies over time. Hard working conditions build up character. 艰苦的工作条件能磨练人的性格。 练习: 英译汉 Local companies find the sites and build the theme parks, while we will look after the branding. 各地的公司确定园址后进行主题公园的修建,而我们将负责品牌推广工作。 As with any drug taken in excess, your body can build up a tolerance to it. 和过量服用任何其他药物一样,身体会对它产生耐药性。 Dr. Johnson and I have been trying to build him up physically. 约翰逊医生和我一直试图增强他的体质。 I am determined to build on this solid foundation. 我决定在这个坚实的基础之上继续努力。 4. lead to: [li:d] v导致; 造成 vt.领导;引导;指挥 vi.导致;领导;用水砣测深 n.铅;领导;榜样;枪弹 adj领头的;最重要的;领先的 例句: Many of these chemicals can lead to cancer or other illnesses. 这些化学品中,许多都能导致癌症或者其他疾病。 Hundreds of people are said to have blocked a main highway leading north. 据称有数百人堵住了一条往北的主干公路。 He's leading in the presidential race. 他在总统竞选中领先。 用法: 形容词 The American and Japanese navies took the lead in the development of naval aviation. 美国和日本海军是发展海军航空部队的佼佼者。 Vi Ethnic tensions among the republics could lead to civil war. 共和国之间紧张的种族关系可能会引发内战。 Vt His abhorrence of racism led him to write The Algiers Motel Incident. 对种族主义的憎恨促使他写了《阿尔及尔汽车旅馆事件》一书。 Mother had led me to believe the new baby was a kind of present for me. 母亲让我相信新出生的宝宝是给我的一个礼物。 Well, I think that leads me to the real point. 这个嘛,我看这让我说到正题了。 All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马。 练习: 英译汉 Too much work and too little rest often lead to illness. 过量的工作和过少的休息会引起疾病。 After a while I led the conversation around to her job. 过了一阵子,我把话题引到她的工作上。 She led a normal, happy life with her sister and brother. 她和弟弟妹妹一起过着平凡而幸福的生活。 5. Focus [ˈfəʊkəs] vt.& vi.(使)集中,(使)聚集;调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清 vt.调整(眼睛或者镜头的)焦距;集中(光束于);聚焦,注视;集中注意力 n.焦点;影象的清晰度;(活动、注意力、兴趣等的)中心;[医]病灶,病症 例句: The research effort has focused on tracing the effects of growing levels of five compounds.研究重点追踪了5种化合物含量上升的影响。 The UN's role in promoting peace is increasingly the focus of international attention. 联合国在促进和平方面的作用越来越受到国际社会的关注。 He said his sudden focus on foreign policy was not motivated by presidential politics. 他说他突然关注外交政策并非受总统政治的驱使。 用法: 1)focus on: 集中(注意力, 精力等)于 You should focus your attention on your work. 把注意力集中在你的工作上。 Olympus: Focus on life. 奥林巴斯: 瞄准生活。 2)n. This aggression is the real issue the world should be concerned about. We want to keep that in focus. 这次侵略才是世界应该关注的真正问题。我们想继续保持关注。 The deficit in the US balance of payments put these considerations out of focus. 美国的国际收支逆差使这些因素没有得到关注。 focus from to M has also shifted its focus from mainframes to personal computers. IBM公司也把重心从特大型机转向了个人电脑。 练习: 英译汉 The new system is the focus of controversy. 这个新体制是争议的焦点。 Her children are the main focus of her life. 孩子们是她生活的重心。 The report's focus is on how technology affects human life rather than business. 这个报告关注的是技术如何影响人类生活而非商业活动。 6. reduce [rɪˈdju:s] v. 减少, 降低 例句: It reduces the risks of heart disease. 这降低了患心脏病的风险。 He was reduced to begging for a living. 他不得不以乞讨为生。 用法: 1) 动词 His commitments to the stepchildren will not reduce his obligation to his natural children. 他对继子女的关爱和投入不会减少他对亲生孩子的责任。 The design of the bicycle has managed to reduce the effects of wind resistance and drag. 这种自行车的设计成功地减少了风的阻力和摩擦力。 We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical and conventional arms. 我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器的数量来减少战争的危险。 2) Reducing Recycling also helps control environmental pollution by reducing the need for waste dumps. 对废弃物的回收利用能够减少对垃圾场的需求,从而也有助于控制环境污染。 Building more motorways and bypasses will help the environment by reducing pollution and traffic jams in towns and cities. 建造更多的高速公路和绕城道路能够减少城镇中的污染和交通堵塞,有利于改善环境。 Thus reducing overhead and saving time. 因此减少了开销并节省了时间。 3) Reduced Consumption is being reduced by 25 per cent. 消费下降了25个百分点。 I bought the coat as it was considerably reduced from its original price. 这件上衣大减价,因此我就把它买下了。 The blood supply to the skin is reduced when muscles stiffen. 当肌肉变得僵硬时,皮肤的供血量就减少了。 练习: 公司尽力通过减少花销来提高利润。 The company tries to increase profits by _______________ . 今年我们已经减少了业务开支。 We ______________ expenses this year. reducing costs have reduced 7. Free [fri:] 自由,免费 例句: The seminars are free, with lunch provided. 研讨会不收会务费,而且还提供午餐。 It will free us of a whole lot of debt. 它会使我们摆脱巨额债务。 用法: This also keeps the air, soil, water and crops free from chemicals. keeps… free from /of: 使…免受 (影响, 伤害等); 使不含(有害物) We put our books in bookcase to keep them free from dust. You must take care to keep the wound free from the dirt. 1)keep … from: 隐瞒, 不把……告诉(某人) 阻止, 避免” 如: He won’t be able to keep the truth from his father. You can’t keep him from doing that thing. 2)free from: 使解除, 使摆脱 如: They aim to free the students from too much homework. 3)be free of sb/sth: 摆脱某人/某物 I’m free of that job at last. 练习: She retains her slim figure and is free of wrinkles. 她保持着苗条的身材,脸上也没有皱纹。 Tool belts free both hands and lessen the risk of dropping hammers. 工具腰带解放了双手,还减少了锤子掉落的风险。 She spent her free time shopping. 她空闲的时候就去购物。 There was only one seat free on the train. 列车上只剩下一个空座。 第二部分:从高考题谈动名词作主语和宾语 1.动名词作主语 例:1.-What do you think made Mary so upset? -___ her new bicycle.(1997上海) A.As she lostB.Lost C.Losing D.Because of losing 解析:答案C。Losing在此为动名词,及her new bicycle构成动名词短语在句中作主语。该题可以理解为:Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset. 1.在下面的句型中,it是形式主语,v-ing形式作真正的主语。 1)It’s no use/good+v-ing.如: It’s no good smoking, you’d better give it up. It’s no use arguing with him. 2)It’s a waste of time / so nice/ foolish interesting / doing sth. It’s a waste of time waiting here. 在这里等是浪费时间。 It‘s so nice talking to you. 很高兴和你谈话。 2.v-ing形式作主语,谓语动词用单数。 Learning new words is very useful to me. Writing headlines in English is not an easy job. 动名词作宾语 1)有些动词后只接动名词作宾语。这类动词常见的有:admit,advise,finish, avoid,escape, delay,consider,dislike, mind, suggest,enjoy,miss , practise,imagine,appreciate(感激),risk(冒险)等等。 2.Our monitor suggested _____a discussion of this subject. (85’) A.to have B.should have C.have D.Having Key: D 2)有些动词和动词词组既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意思不同。这类动词及动词词组常见的有:stop,forget,remember,try,mean,go on,regret, can’t help 等等。 1)go on to do 接着做(另一件事)go on doing 继续做(同一件事) 2)stop to do 停下来去做;stop doing 停止做 3)remember to do 记住要做;remember doing 记得曾做过 4)can’t help to do 不能帮助做; can’t help doing 情不自禁地做 4)forget to do 忘记要做;forget doing 忘了曾经做过 5)regret to do 很遗憾/抱歉地去做;regret doing 后悔做了 6)try to do 努力做;try doing 试着做 7)mean to do 打算做;mean doing 意味着做 3.—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well,now I regret ___that.(95’) A.to do B.to be doing C.to have doneD.having done 解析:答案D。本句意为:我现在后悔在会上提出了反对意见。表示对已经发生的事情“后悔”应用regret doing /having done 3.—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well,now I regret ___that.(95’) A.to do B.to be doing C.to have doneD.having done 解析:答案D。本句意为:我现在后悔在会上提出了反对意见。表示对已经发生的事情“后悔”应用regret doing /having done 3)动名词充当介词的宾语,常用在含有某些介词构成的短语动词之后,这类常见的短语动词有: insist on, think of, feel like (cf. would like to do sth.),set about (cf. set out to do sth.),be fond of,look forward to(cf. look forward to do sth. ), pay attention to,get used to,give up , devote...to,put off ,succeed in, have difficulty in, get down to(开始着手做) 等等。 例:She looks forward every spring to __the flower-lined garden.(1995上海) A.visit B.paying a visit C.walk in D.walking in 解析:答案D。look forward to doing sth.是固定用法,故排除A、C项。B项在visit后加to才正确,所以应排除。 Cf. The letter that I was looking forward to ___ at last. A. comingB. cameC. come D. being come Key: B 4)动名词在need,want,require,be worth后接宾语,常以主动形式来表示被动意义. cf. be worthy of being done/ to be done This book is worthy of being read / to be read.这本书值得一读。 need/ want/ require doing sth / to be done (需要做…) eg. My bike needs repairing / to be repaired. 5)permit, allow, forbid, require(要求)doing sth./ sb to do sth. 跟人作宾语后,必须用不定式作补语。例如: This room won’t allow smoking.在这间屋里不准吸烟。 We do not allow anybody to smoke here.这里不许吸烟。 例: —What do you think of the book? -Oh,excellent.It's worth ___a second time. A.to read B.to be read C.readingD.being read Key: C 6)有些动词后可跟不定式和v-ing形式作宾语,意义差别不大。 1)在like, love, hate, prefer等动词后,v-ing形式表示经常性、概括性的动作,不定式表示具体的、特定的某一次动作。如: She likes singing, but she doesn’t like to sing today. 7)在begin, start, continue后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语没有区别,但start,begin本身为进行式或后接realize, wonder, understand等心理活动的词时,常用不定式作宾语。如: I began to realize that I was wrong. 3.动名词的时态和语态 动名词有一般式和完成式。它的一般式所表示的动作或是及句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,或是在句中谓语动词动作之后发生;而它的完成式所表示的动作则一般发生在句中谓语动词动作之前。 例1:While shopping,people sometimes can't help ____ into buying something they don't really need.(1996上海)A.to persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded 解析:答案C。根据句意,can't help是“抑制不砖、“情不自禁”的意思。其后应接动名词作宾语。在此句中, people及persuade之间是动宾关系,所以应用动名词的被动式。 例2:Tony was very unhappy for ____ to the party.(2000上海) A.having not been invited B.not having invitedC.having not invited D.not having been invited 解析:答案D。动名词的否定式作介词的宾语。由于 Tony未被邀请在先,不高兴在后,所以采用了完成式的形式。 4.动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时,名词可用普通格代替所有格,代词可用宾格形式代替形容词性物主代词。eg. I don’t like you/ your/ Tom / Tom’s being late.但是动名词作主语时,只能用your / Tom’s being late形式。 例:What worried the child most was ____ to visit his mother in the hospital.(1998上海) A.his not allowing B.his not being allowed C.his being not allowed D.having not been allowed 解析:答案B。动名词复合结构的否定式应把否定词not放在物主代词之后、动名词之前。child和allow之间为动宾关系,所以就用其被动式。 覃 几个重要的句型: 1.There is no use / good doing sth. 2.There is no + 动名词 There is no joking about such matter.这事开不得玩笑。 三. 用to do而不用v-ing作定语的情形 一)所修饰的词为desire, effort, failure, promise等 She made a promise to come and help us. 二)所修饰的名词前有the first/last/next, the only和the best,the most等序数词或形容词最高级修饰语. Who was the last one to leave the room last night﹖ She is always the first to get to work. 三)所修饰的名词及定语间有动宾关系 I have some clothes to wash tonight. She gave him a piece of paper to write on. 四)所修饰的名词及定语有主谓关系 I need someone to type the letters for me. You must find a person to look after your house for you while you are away. 五)所修饰的名词及定语有同位关系 At that time women had no right to vote. They got the order to leave the city yesterday. 六)定语表示的是尚未发生的将来动作 The building to be built is a laboratory. Some goods to be carried to Shanghai, he intends to hire a truck. 七)在一些固定句型中,习惯上使用不定式。例如: It’s your turn to speak now. It’s time to go to school. 21 / 21展开阅读全文
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