五-英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习.docx

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
句子成分
意义
充当词类
例句
主语
表示句子说的是什么人或什么事
名，代，数，不定
式，动名词，短语或
句子
We study in HuangQiao Middle School.
谓语
说明主语做什么，是什么或怎
么样
动词或动词词组
She is dancing under the tree.
宾语
表示动作行为的对象
同主语
Both of us like English.
表语
及联系动词连用，一起构成谓
语，说明主语的性质或特征
同主语
Her father is a chemist.
His words sound reasonable.
定语
用来修饰名词或代词
形，代，数，名,
副，介词短语或句子
We have eight lessons every day.
状语
修饰动词，形容词，副词，表
示动作发生的时间，地点，原
因，目的，方式，结果等
副词，介词短语或句
子
He works very hard.
They held a party in Hollywood.
宾语
补足语
逻辑上及宾语是主谓关系
形容词，名词，介词
短语等
She always keeps the house clean.
主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补协助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！
1, 简单句的五个基本句型
v 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 She came．.
v 主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 She likes English.
v 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 She is happy．
v 主语 ＋ 动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．
v 主语 ＋ 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
主谓宾
v 名／代－－动词－－名／代 we-- saw --you. we-- did --the work.
主系表
v 名／代－系动词－形容次／名词／代词 you are beautiful you seems worried.
相同点：都三部分，主语也一样．
不同点：否定式不同．动词加助动词，系动词不用．
表语可以是形容词，宾语不行． 只有宾语有补足语。
2, 句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：
主语, 谓语, 宾语, 定语, 状语, 表语, 宾语补足语。
1）, 主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担当。
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2）, 谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担当。
如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
3）, 表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词, 代词或形容词担当。
如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4）, 宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担当。
如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
v 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。
如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
v 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。
如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5）, 定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词, 代词, 数词等担当。如：
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6）, 状语用来修饰动词, 形容词, 副词,通常由副词担当。
He works hard .(他工作努力)
7）, 宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。
They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) /
He often helps me do my lessons.(他经常帮我做功课) /
主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east （名词）    
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)  
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe.（不定式）
What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担当，放在主语的后面。
We study English.         He is asleep.
3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质, 状态和特征。
He is a teacher.  （名词）     
You don’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten. （数词）   
He is asleep.  （形容词）
His father is in. （副词）       
The picture is on the wall.   (介词短语)
常见连系动词
1. “存在”类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”。常见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(好像是),appear(好像, 显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。
例如: The story sounds true. Those oranges taste good star.
2. “持续”类:表示某种状况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调“持续”。常见的有:remain(依旧),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(接着, 仍然),stand(处于某状况或情形)等。
例如: It will stay fresh for several days.
The store remains closed.
3. “变化”类:表示由一种状况或状态变化成另一种状况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变化”后的状况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), get(变得)等。
例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
4. 宾语：
1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担当。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
I like China. （名词）   
He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need We need two. （数词）
I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）   
Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）
2）介词后的名词, 代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake       
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
    3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.      
Give the poor man some money
5. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词, 词组或句子。
v Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）
v He is our friend. （代词）
v We belong to the third world.（数词）
v He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
v The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
v The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
v The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
v The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
v I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）
v You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
6. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间, 地点, 缘由, 目的, 结果, 程度, 条件, 方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）
v I will go there tomorrow.      
v The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
v The meat went bad because of the hot weather.     
v He studies hard to learn English well.
v He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.    
v I like some of you very much.
v If you study hard, you will pass the exam.          
v He goes to school by bike.
v Though he is young, he can do it well.
① tired  ② worried  ③ yellow  ④ interested  ⑤ first
①his homework  ② English  ③ your pronunciation  ④ new words  ⑤ to go swimming
① family  ② given  ③ third  ④ some  ⑤ downstairs
① on the face  ② Every night  ③ when he was eleven  ④ fast  ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm
练习题：
(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall. 
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus 
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired.  
② Why is he worried about Jim
③ The leaves have turned yellow.      
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
（五）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me
(六) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
(七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
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