徐卡加GRE阅读讲义.doc

GRE阅读讲义 徐卡嘉 2002年1月

一、 开场白
二、 阅读概况
三、 篇章结构（一）：文章分类
1． 题材分类
2． 文体分类
(1) Recently, the disappearance of Dravidians has been a mysterious phenomenon that puzzles scholars.……Sir Lee’s study has contributed a lot to the process of explaining the puzzle.……Thus, the invasion of UFO should be the major factor of their disappearance.
(2) It has long been believed that the disappearance of Dravidians was caused by the invasion of UFO.……However, Sir Lee found that a cultural element had been underestimated by most of his predecessors.……Therefore, the strong religious belief held by mass Dravidians explains why they piled huge pyre and burned themselves.
3． 结构套路分类：新老观点型，结论解释型，现象解释型，问题回答或问题解决型，事物描述型，其他。
4． 新老观点型文章
A． 判断标志：
a． 首句或首段有下列词汇表示过去的或大众的观点：often，common claim，usually，traditionally，long maintained，until recently，it is frequently assumed，the dominant view，the common belief；相应地，观点的持有者在语法上表现出泛指的语法范畴：scholars，present-day philosophers，biologists，some historians，child psychologists，some recent historians，philosophers and linguistics，some linguists，experiments。
eg：Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. / Present-day philosophers usually envision their discipline as an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline, such as theology and science. / It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines.这就是老观点
b． 二句或二段首句有表示转折的词汇，如however, but， yet，nevertheless，unfortunately让步的标志词等。新观点的表示方法更主要是语义上的。
eg：Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. / Unfortunately, the authors did not point out that their crystals were no larger than the average crystal grown using other, more standard techniques in an Earth laboratory. / Some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement. （以上认为老观点应该做而没有做）/ Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. / But the recent discovery undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution. （以上新观点削弱或反对老观点，challenge）/ These historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation. （以上对老观点负评价）这就是新观点。
B． 论证新观点的过程
a． 老观点错误。
b． 新观点对老观点取非：观点的取非；评价的取非；是-不是的取非；有-没有的取非。 eg： The common belief of some linguists that each language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics that supply and demand will regulate everything for the best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to those instances in which the very nature of a language calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation. / It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines…Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. / Present-day philosophers usually envision their discipline as an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline, such as theology and science…The basis for this view, however, lies in a serious misinterpretation of the past. The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” turns out to be of quite recent origin.
c． 新观点对老观点补充: Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen…However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste.
C． 论证新观点的语法手段
a． 讲新观点的手段：by focusing on a limited geographical area in order to gather in-depth information, the authors have avoid the methodological pitfalls that have plagued earlier research on homework
b． 讲新观点反对的东西
c． 分类说明：时间分类，群体分类。 eg: The idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” turns out to be of quite recent origin. When, in the seventeenth century, Descartes and Hobbs did not think of themselves as proposing a new philosophy, but rather as furthering the warfare between science and theology. / They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women …The increase in the numbers of married women…
d． 强对比：Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States…African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain.
D． 变体形式
a． 正常的顺序是老观点，批驳老观点，新观点。但近年来有这么一种倾向：先出现对老观点的负评价，再讲老观点，再批驳老观点。Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United State. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African cultural values. African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain.
b． 文章的第一句有可能是一个论题，然后再说老观点的解决方式。这一类文章也可以看作是问题解决型。
c． 只有一篇文章第一次出现的观点还有“咸鱼翻身”的机会。
d． 总结印象：早期中规中矩，晚年有点变化。
四、 上课要求
1、 预习和复习
2、 “你是风儿我是沙”
None of these translations to screen and stage, however, dramatize the anarchy at the conclusion of A Conecticut Yankee, which ends with the violent overthrow of Morgan’s three-year-old progressive order and his return to the nineteenth century, where he apparently commits suicide. The American public, although enjoying Twain’s humor, evidently rejected his cynicism about technological advancement and change through peaceful revolution as antithetical to the United States doctrine of progress.
* According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the reception of A Conecticut Yankee by the American public?
~ The public has continued to enjoy Twain’s story, but the last part of the novel seems too violent to American minds.
五、篇章结构（二）：结论解释型文章
A． 判断标志：
a. 首句是一个判断句或有表示作者态度的词。后面不能有转折，尤其是2句或2段首句。
(a) Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature.
b. 首句是让步，转折或不是而是。
(a) Although Victor Turnier’s writings have proved fruitful for fields beyond anthropology, his definition of ritual is overly restrictive.
(b) Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists , artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers—using non-scientific modes of thought.
(c) Researchers are finding that in many ways an individual bacterium is more analogous to a component cell of a multicellular organism than it is to a free-living, autonomous organism.
c. 首句用can引出
(a) Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer’s skill.
d. 首句是强调句
(a) It is their sensitive response to human circumstance that accounts for the persistence of certain universal ideas.
e. 首句表示空前绝后的概念
(a) The outpouring of contemporary American Indian literature in the last two decades represents for many the first opportunity to experience Native American poetry.
f. 首句或首段是因果关系
(a) Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.
g. 首句由suggest等引出结论
(a) Analysis of prehistoric air suggests a correlation between carbon dioxide levels in the Earth’s atmosphere and global temperature over the last 160,000 years.
h. 首句表明一种关系
(a) Scientists now have a clearer idea of the relationship between atmospheric composition and global temperature.
B． 变化
a. 首句正/负评价，后面的相反评价是结论。
The sweep of narrative in A. N. Wilson’s biography of C. S. Lewis is impressive and there is much that is acute and well argued. But much in this work is careless and unworthy of its author.
b. 有的时候文首会有一点背景
It is now established that the Milky Way is far more extended and of much greater mass than was hitherto thought. However, all that is visible of the constituents of the Milky Way’s corona, where much of the galaxy’s mass must be located, is a tiny fraction of the corona’s mass. Thus most of the Milky Way’s outlying matter must be dark.
c. 先叙述别人的观点，最后才是作者的评价（结论）。
in the Women of Mexico City 1769-1857, Sylvia Marina Arrom argues that…Arrom does not discuss…However, this is not so much weakness in her work…
C. 解释的手段
a. 举例
b. 讲原理
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth’s subsurface, the sesmic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by…
c. 类比和强对比
Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors… But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by…
d. 分类说明
Forty years ago a survey of the early Greek dramatist Aeschylus’ plays would have started with The Suppliant Women… The play was dated as early as the 490’s B.C., in any event, well before Aeschylus’ play The Persians of 472 B.C. Then in 1952…
D. 解释的不同方面
六、首遍读什么
（1） 全文：
（2） 段落：把握观点的四要素——谁的观点，评价的对象是谁，做了什么工作，作者的态度
七、 做题：必须定位。特殊定位：多次出现，跟主题有关。
八、 题型分类：
1、 全局：TOPIC；ORGANIZATION；主题内容运用；题目、后续和引言；全局信息；全局修辞方法。——回忆文章主旨，看选项，有必要再回原文定位，难定位的现象TS。
2、 段落：段落ORGANIZATION；段落修辞方法；段落主旨；段落修辞方法。——回忆段义，看选项，有必要再回原文定位。
3、 细节：IN ORDER TO；取非；EXCEPT；*细节FROM TO；细节信息。——先定位，看上下文，带着思维看选项。
4、 态度：——先定位，找表示态度的关键词，再看选项，避免极端化。
5、 逻辑：WEAKEN；SUPPORT；ANALOGY；ASSUMPTION。——先看原文逻辑，有因果的读因果（70%——80%），没因果的读主要点，带着思维看选项。
九、篇章结构（三）：现象解释型文章
A． 判断：
a. 首句或首段是一种现象，2句或2段首句有表示“解释”含义的词汇。很多情况下表示现象的词也出现在2句或2段，前面有指代词：interpret this，such effects attribute to（these shortcomings can be attributed to），two reasons for this neglect，the difficult lies in，it has thus generally been by way of，explanation for。
b. 有的时候作者比较心急，一上来就说one explanation for，多为短文章。
One explanation for the tendency of animals to be more vigilant in smaller groups than in larger ones assumes that the vigilant behavior is aimed at predators.
c. 首句或首段普通现象，2句或2段不普通现象或反面现象（或更具体的现象）
Typically the queen honeybee is mother to all the bees in a hive…When a queen dies, workers often lay unfertilized eggs that hatch into drones. Yet workers rarely reproduce while a queen reigns./ The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other.…But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.…An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel.
d. led to引出现象，然后说现象的另外一个侧面。
Clown fish have evolved in isolated communities， a pattern that has led to unusual behavioral adaptations…A remarkable adaptation is that the development of these juveniles is somehow arrested until the hierarchy changes.
e. 文章一开头是名词解释。这些现象一定是专业现象。
In prehistoric times brachiopods were one of the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth: more than 30,000 species of this clamlike creature have been cataloged from fossil records.
B． 现象的内容：自然现象，社会现象，应该做而没有做的现象，强对比现象。
C． 解释的手段：
a. 根据某一理论：
According to natural selection theory, a worker would enhance her fitness by…
b. 实验验证：
Researchers, testing the hypothesis that workers usually somehow block each other’s attempts to produce, put unfertilized eggs laid by workers and by the queen into a hive.
c. 举例：
d. 分层说明：（数字，强对比，递进）
The fossil record demonstrates that most brachiopod lineages have followed a trend toward increased specialization. However, during periods of environmental instability, when a particular substrate to which a specialist species has adapted is no longer available, the species quickly dies out. Generalists, on the other hand, are not dependent on a particular substrate…
e. 强对比：
When writing in Spanish, these authors stayed close to the spoken traditions of their communities where publications, support, and instructive response would come quickly in local or regional newspapers. Works in English, however…
f. 过程描述：化学反应
十、题型分类（一）：细节题型（1）取非题型
1． 强对比取非
（1）问A的性质
Cressy finds that most adult immigrants were skilled in farming or crafts, were literate, and were organized in families. Each of these characteristics sharply distinguishes the 21,000 people who left for New England in the 1630’s from most of the approximately 377,000 English people who had immigrated to America by 1700.
The passage suggests that the majority of those English people who had immigrated to America by the late seventeenth century were:
（2） 问老/新方法的缺点
The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing.
It can be inferred from the passage that a major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography__
（3） 问A是什么
（4） 特殊的强对比
Initially unrestrained by predators of their own, foreign predators are likely to be able to multiply rapidly and overwhelm intended targets.
It can be inferred from the passage that it is advantageous to choose as the biological control agent a predator that is foreign to the targeted environment for which of the following reasons?—Native predator species are generally limited by their own predators.
2． 题干中的说法跟原文正好想反，把原文中这个说法的原因或者是结果或者其他相关的内容取非，就得到正确答案。
These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level.
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino?
I. Negati