1、长松萝化学成分和药理作用研究进展艾 力1,其日格尔1,2,敖敦格日乐1,2,韩晓静1,2,拉喜那木吉拉1,2(1.内蒙古民族大学 蒙医药学院,内蒙古 通辽 028043;2.内蒙古民族大学蒙医药研发工程教育部重点实验室,内蒙古 通辽 028043)摘要 长松萝系松萝科植物。长松萝作为一种传统蒙药,目前从中分离到了100余个化合物,包括苯酚类、缩酚类、苯并呋喃类、萜类、甾体类、脂肪酸类等。药理学研究表明,长松萝提取物及单体类成分具有抑菌、抗癌、抗氧化、保肝、降脂等作用。现就长松萝的化学成分、药理作用进行概述,以期为长松萝的深入研究和开发利用提供理论依据。关键词 蒙药;长松萝;研究进展中图分类号
2、R961文献标志码 A文章编号 1671-0185(2023)04-0360-06Research Progress of Chemical Constituents andPharmacological Actions of Usnea LongissimaAili1,Qirigeer1,2,Aodungerile1,2,HAN Xiao-jing1,2,Laxinamujila1,2(1.College of Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy,Inner Mongolia Minzu University,Tongliao 028043,China;2.Key
3、 Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine R&D Engineering,Ministry of Education,Inner Mongolia Minzu University,Tongliao 028043,China)Abstract:Usnea longissima(U.longissima)is a plant of Usneaceae.As a traditional Mongolian medicine,morethan 100 compounds have been isolated from U.longissima,including pheno
4、ls,depsides,benzofurans,terpenoids,steroids,fatty acids,etc.Pharmacological research shows that extracts and monomeric components from U.longissima can inhibit bacteria,resist cancers and oxidation,protect liver and reduce lipid.The paper reviews thechemical components and pharmacological action of
5、U.longissima,which provides a theoretical basis for in-depth research,development and utilization of U.longissima.Key words:Mongolian medicine;Usnea longissima;Research progress长松萝(Usnea longissimi Ach.)为松萝科植物,传统蒙药中用其干燥丝状体为用药部位,与节松萝共同称为松萝1。蒙古名为“阿拉坦-乌塔斯-乌布斯”,别名为斯日古德、色尔古得,具有味苦,性凉,效钝、软、柔,有清热解毒之功效,主治新旧讧
6、热、疫热、肠热、毒症、脑刺痛、泄泻及肺脓疡等。常用于肺热、肺脓疡、肺痼疾等呼吸系统疾病和消化系统疾病的治疗2-3。长松萝因其疗效广泛而确切,被收录于 四部医典 甘露四部 无误蒙药鉴 认药学 等历代本草。现将长松萝国内外相关文献进行归纳总结,对长松萝化学成分和药理作用研究进行综述,以期为长松萝的深入研究和开发提供参考。1化学成分1.1苯酚类化合物苯酚类化合物是一种由苯环和羟基组成的有机化合物。其在自然界中含量丰富,基金项目:教育部蒙医药研发工程重点实验室开放基金项目(MDK2022038);内蒙古民族大学博士科研启动基金项目(BS467)作者简介:艾力,内蒙古民族大学蒙医药学院硕士研究生。通讯作
7、者:拉喜那木吉拉,内蒙古民族大学蒙医药学院教授,博士,博士研究生导师。DOI:10.14045/ki.15-1220.2023.04.012第38卷第4期内蒙古民族大学学报(自然科学版)Vol.38No.42023年07月Journal of Inner Mongolia Minzu UniversityJuly 2023获取方法简单,可通过直接活化酚羟基,合成多取代芳香族化合物4。经文献检索发现,国内外学者已从长松萝中分离鉴定出23种苯酚类化合物(123),见表1。1.2缩酚类化合物缩酚类化合物是一类由2种或多种酚酸衍生物以酯键缩合而成的化合物14,在临床中广泛应用15。经文献检索发现,国内
8、外学者已从长松萝中分离鉴定出13种缩酚类化合物(2436),见表1。1.3苯并呋喃类化合物苯并呋喃类化合物常用于合成天然化合物17,其核心结构在有机化学中占据着重要地位。由于苯并呋喃类化合物具有丰富的生物活性,所以被许多学者认为是最重要的杂环体系之一18。经文献检索发现,国内外学者已从长松萝中分离鉴定出20种苯并呋喃类化合物(3756),见表1。1.4萜类和甾体类化合物天然萜类化合物的结构式呈现高度多样性23,多数具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌作用24。研究发现,已从长松萝中分离鉴定出6种萜类化合物(5762),见表1。近年来,天然甾体类化合物显示出广泛的药理活性,在临床中的应用情况逐年增加25。经文
9、献检索发现,国内外学者已从长松萝中分离鉴定出11种甾体类化合物(6373),见表1。1.5脂肪酸类化合物人体中脂肪酸缺乏会导致多种疾病的发生11。尽管动物和人体内细胞中可生成脂肪酸,但是多种脂肪酸需要从食物或药物中摄入。经文献检索发现,国内外学者已从长松萝中分离鉴定出19种脂肪酸类化合物(7492),见表1。1.6其他类成分除了上述化合物,有学者从长松萝中分离鉴定出黄酮、呫吨酮等化学成分(93102),见表1。表1长松萝中的化学成分Tab.1 Chemical compositions of Usnea longissima苯酚类缩酚类12345678910111213141516171819
10、20212223242526272829Ethyl Everninate4-O-Methylorsellinic Acid-Orcinolcarboxylic AcidOrsellinic AcidLongissiminone ALongissiminone BEthyl HematommateMethyl-2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-DimethylbenzoateEthyl OrsellinateMethyl Orsellinate4-Methyl-2,6-Dihydroxy-BenzaldehydeOrcinolRhizonic Acid3-Hydroxy-5-Methoxy-2
11、-Methylbenzoic AcidDibutyl PhthalateDiisobutyl Phthalate2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy-3,6-Dimethyl Benzoic AcidMethyl EverninateO-Methylorcinol2,5-Dimethyl-1,3-BenzenediolMethyl 2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-Dimethylbenzoate2-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-6-Methylbenzoate3-Formyl-2,4-Dihydroxy-6-MethylbenzoateEvernic AcidBarbatic Ac
12、idDiffractaic Acid4-O-Demethylbarbatic AcidIecanolic Acid3-Hydroxydifferctaic Acid56667788888999101011111111121313666666类别化合物名称参考文献第4期艾力等:长松萝化学成分和药理作用研究进展361内蒙古民族大学学报2023年苯并呋喃类萜类甾体类脂肪酸类303132333435363738394045464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767980838485,8786,88AtranorinIs
13、oevernic AcidLecanorin3-Hydroxy-5-Methylphenyl-2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxy-6-MethylbenzoateLecanorin E4-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,6-Dimethylbenzoyl)oxy)-2-Hydroxy-3,6-Dimethylbenzoic AcidMethyl Gyrophorate(+)-Usnic AcidLongiusnineIsousoneUsenamine AFUsoneDibenzofuran Related MetabolitesUsnic AcidAlazinic Acid(Z)-2-A
14、cetyl-5,5-Bis(7-Acetyl-4,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-Dimethylfuran-2-yl)-4-Hydroxy-2,4-Pentadiene-1-AldehydeEthyl-4-3-(7-Acetyl-4,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-Dimethyl-2-Oxo-2,3-Dihydrobenzofuranyl)-4-7-Acetyl-4,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-Dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)-3-Oxobutanoate(4aR,9bS)-2,6-Diacetyl-3,4a,7,9-Tetrahydroxy-8,9b-Dimethyl
15、-1-Oxo-1,4,4a,9b-Tetrahydrodibenzo b,d Furan(-)-Usnic Acid(-)-Placodiolic Acid2-(3,3-Bis(7-Acetyl-4,6-Dihydroxy-3,5-Dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)-Acryloyl)-Diethylmalonate3,7-Dihydroxy-1,9-DimethyldibenzofuranGlutinolFriedelin-AmyrinZeorinOleanolic Acid3-Hydroxy-Glutin-5-Ene5,8-Epidioxy-(22E,24R)-Ergosta
16、-6,22-Dien-3-olErgosterol-5b,8b-PeroxideErgosterolErgosta-7,24(28)-Dien-3-olErgosta-8,24(28)-Dien-3-olErgosta-5,8,22-Trien-3-ol24-Methylcholesta-5,22-Dien-3-ol24-Ethylcholesta-5,22-Dien-3-ol24-Methylcholest-5-En-3-olCholest-5-En-3-ol-SitosterolLichesterinic AcidTri-Hydroxyfatty AcidTetra-Hydroxy fat
17、ty AcidHexa-Hydroxy fatty AcidsNeuropogolic AcidParaconic AcidAliphatic Acid type91011111112165811111112121219191916202122788888192026262626262626262612121212121212类别化合物名称参考文献续表1362其他类成分899091929394959697989910010110218R-Hydroxydihydroalloprotolichensterinic AcidIsomuronic AcidMurolic AcidNeuropogol
18、ic AcidLongissimausnoneApigenin-7-O-D-GlucuronideUseanolArabinitolSolorinic AcidLuteolin-7-O-L-Xylose-(16)-D-Glucoside2,3,4,5,7-Pentamethoxy-1-O-Primeverosyloxyxanthone2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy-1-O-Primeverosyloxyxanthone2,3,5-Trimethoxy-1-O-Primeverosyloxyxanthone2,3,7-Trimethoxy-1-O-Primeverosyloxyxant
19、hone19191916891119162727272727类别化合物名称参考文献2长松萝药理研究2.1抑菌和抗癌作用有研究发现,长松萝具有较强的抑菌作用28-29,其抑菌作用呈现量效关系30。长松萝乙酸乙酯提取物具有抗癌活性,高剂量水平对肝功能、血清尿素、肌酐指数等均无影响31。研究发现,长松萝提取物具有抑制细胞生长作用22、抗癌活性32和抑制EBV的激活16。其中,巴尔巴酸对人肺癌细胞具有明显的抑制活性作用,从而抑制癌细胞的生长12。2.2抗氧化作用有研究发现,长松萝多糖可提高小鼠肝脏和肠道的抗氧化水平33,另外,对DPPH和羟基自由基呈现较好的还原力和清除能力34。长松萝提取物具有明显的
20、抗溃疡作用35-36、胃保护功能37,其作用机制均与抗氧化有关。KIM等38研究发现,长松萝甲醇提取物具抑制黑色素形成的作用。长松萝甲醇提取物和乙醇提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性、还原能力39、清除自由基能力40-41。AYDIN等42研究发现,长松萝乙醇提取物表现出较高的抗脲酶和抗弹性蛋白酶活性。2.3保肝、降脂作用有研究发现,长松萝的水和醇提取物具有调节脂质代谢的作用,其机制可能是通过抑制LXR-信号通路增强ApoA5蛋白表达实现43。长松萝醇提取物的正丁醇萃取部位对急性肝损伤大鼠血清ALT和AST有降低作用44,可升高白蛋白和总蛋白水平,其生药具有降低碱性磷酸酶和甘油三酯的作用45。2.4其
21、他作用长松萝多糖具有增强血清溶血素及抗体形成细胞数量作用,增强小鼠淋巴细胞的转化功能,对超敏反应呈现增强作用46。CHOUDHARY等7研究发现,Longissiminone A具有较强的消炎作用。LEE等47研究发现,长松萝甲醇提取物具有抗血栓形成活性。AZIZUDDIN等48研究发现,Longissiminone A在体内具有抗炎和抗血小板聚集作用。3小结长松萝由于生长特性、疗效稳定,是一类特色鲜明的传统蒙药。现代研究表明,长松萝活性成分多样,药理作用广泛,具有良好的开发潜力。文献中所记载的含长松萝方剂,均使用历史悠久、用药经验丰富且稳定,但未明确有效物质基础和作用机制。迄今为止,尽管长松
22、萝多用于临床中,却仍然未将有效单体成分应用于临床。近年来随着国内外学者对长松萝研究不断深入,其内含的有效成分充分得到利用,但随着气候变化等问题的出现,此类对空气要求严格的植物不断匮乏,对其进行有效的深入研究迫在眉睫。长松萝主要含有苯酚类、缩酚类、苯并呋喃类、萜类和甾体类等成分,具有抑菌、抗癌、抗氧化、保肝、第4期艾力等:长松萝化学成分和药理作用研究进展续表1363内蒙古民族大学学报2023年降脂等药理活性,这些研究结果在一定程度上为其传统药效提供了科学依据,为其开发成现代新药奠定了基础,为以后该药材的开发利用提供文献依据。参考文献1 奥 乌力吉.传统蒙药与方剂 M.赤峰:内蒙古科学技术出版社,
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