1、DOI:10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2022-0673苏比努尔吾麦尔江,史学书,牙森沙力,于昭文,刘桂松,赛达尔帕尔哈提,吐尔逊娜依热依木.放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响.草业科学,2023,40(5):1387-1396.SubinuerWumaierjiang,SHIXS,YasenShali,YUZW,LIUGS,SaidaerPaerhati,TuersunnayiReyimu.EffectsofgrazingoninsectcommunitiesinthemidsectionofthenorthernslopeofTianshanMountain
2、.PrataculturalScience,2023,40(5):1387-1396.放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响苏比努尔吾麦尔江,史学书,牙森沙力,于昭文,刘桂松,赛达尔帕尔哈提,吐尔逊娜依热依木(新疆农业大学草业学院,新疆乌鲁木齐830052)摘要:放牧强度的调整是草原保护利用相互协调的重要手段之一,其变化对草地生物多样性群落结构方面有着重要的驱动作用。昆虫是草地生态系统重要组成部分之一,对生态系统的物质循环和稳定性有着十分重要的意义。本研究以天山北坡中段山地草甸草地作为研究区域,设置禁牧(CK)、轻度放牧和重度放牧 3 个放牧强度,分别以捕虫网扫网和马氏网采集法对昆虫群落
3、结构和多样性进行调查,探讨山地草甸草地昆虫群落多样性对放牧强度的响应。共采集到 18146 只昆虫,隶属 8 目 45 科,其中优势科为秆蝇科、寄蝇科和蝇科,分别占总个体数的 18.77%、12.20%和 16.37%。从山地草甸草地昆虫群落功能团科级水平来看,科级数量顺序依次为植食性昆虫(44.93%)、捕食性昆虫(28.66%)、寄生性昆虫(15.85%)、杂食性昆虫(7.26%)和腐生性昆虫(3.29%)。与 CK 相比,轻度放牧条件下的昆虫总数量增加同时植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫数量均显著增加(P0.05)。在重度放牧条件下,昆虫总数量降低同时植食性和捕食性昆虫数量均显著降低(P0.05)
4、。随放牧强度增加,植食性、捕食性、寄生性和杂食性昆虫的 Shannon-Wiener 指数均先增加后下降,而在重度放牧条件下腐蚀性昆虫的 Shannon-Wiener 指数最高。植食性、捕食性和寄生性昆虫的Simpson 指数在 3 种放牧条件下均先增加后下降,且轻度放牧条件下最高。植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫和杂食性昆虫不同放牧条件下 Peilou 指数均无显著差异,腐生性昆虫的 Peilou 指数呈先下降后增加趋势,表现为 CKHGLG。冗余分析结果表明,昆虫群落多样性与植物密度、植物 Margalef、Shannon-wiener 和 Simpson 指数显著相关。综上,在禁牧和放牧条件下,昆
5、虫群落结构群落数量和多样性下降趋势,轻度放牧促进昆虫群落及其功能群多样性的提高。关键词:山地草甸;放牧强度;昆虫功能群;昆虫多样性文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-0629(2023)05-1387-10Effects of grazing on insect communities in the midsection of thenorthern slope of Tianshan MountainSubinuerWumaierjiang,SHIXueshu,YasenShali,YUZhaowen,LIUGuisong,SaidaerPaerhati,TuersunnayiReyimu(C
6、ollegeofGrassIndustry,XinjiangAgriculturalUniversity,Urumqi8300052,Xinjiang,China)Abstract:The adjustment of grazing intensity is one of the important means of coordinating grassland protection and收稿日期:2022-08-26接受日期:2023-05-09基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31960338)第一作者:苏比努尔吾麦尔江(1998-),女(维吾尔族),新疆乌鲁木齐人,在读硕士生,研究方向为草地
7、生态。E-mail:通信作者:吐尔逊娜依热依木(1968-),女(柯尔克孜族),新疆阿克陶人,副教授,硕导,博士,研究方向为草地生态。E-mail:第40卷第5期草业科学1387-1396Vol.40,No.5PRATACULTURALSCIENCE5/2023http:/utilization,anditschangeshaveanimportantdrivingeffectonthecommunitystructureofgrasslandbiodiversity.Insectsareoneoftheimportantcomponentsofgrasslandecosystems,andt
8、hematerialcycleandstabilityofecosystemsareofgreatsignificance.Thisstudyinvestigatesthestructureanddiversityofinsectcommunitiesunderdifferentutilizationconditionssuchasgrazingprohibition(CK),lightgrazing,andheavygrazinginthemiddlesectionofthenorthernslopeoftheTianshanMountains,usinginsectnetscanninga
9、ndMahalanobisnetcollectionmethodstoexploretheresponseofinsectcommunitydiversity to grazing intensity in mountain meadow grasslands.A total of 18 146 insects were collected in this study,belongingto8ordersand45families.ThedominantfamilieswereChloropidae,Larvaevoridae,andMuscidae,accountingfor18.77%,1
10、2.20%,and16.37%ofthetotalnumberofindividuals,respectively.Fromtheperspectiveofthefunctionalgrouplevelofinsectcommunitiesinmountainousmeadowsandgrasslands,theorderoffamilylevelnumbersisherbivorousinsects(44.93%),predatory insects(28.66%),parasitic insects(15.85%),omnivorous insects(7.26%),and saproph
11、yticinsects(3.29%).ComparedwithCK,thetotalnumberofinsectsundermildgrazingconditionsincreasedsignificantly,whilethenumberofherbivorousandpredatoryinsectsalsoincreasedsignificantly(P0.05).Underheavygrazingconditions,thetotalnumberofinsectsdecreasedwhilethenumberofherbivorousandpredatoryinsectssignific
12、antlydecreased(P0.05).However,the number of omnivorous insects under heavy grazing conditions was higher than that under light grazingconditions,buttherewasnosignificantdifferencecomparedtoCK.Asgrazingintensityincreases,theShannonWienerindex of herbivorous,predatory,parasitic,and omnivorous insects
13、first increases and then decreases,and the ShannonWienerindexissignificantlyhigherunderlightgrazingconditionsthanCKandheavygrazing,whiletheShannonWienerindexofcorrosiveinsectsisthehighestunderheavygrazingconditions.TheSimpsonindexofherbivorous,predatory,andparasiticinsectsshowedatrendoffirstincreasi
14、ngandthendecreasingunderallthreegrazingconditions,withthehighestvalueundermildgrazingconditions.TherewasnosignificantdifferenceinthePeilouindexbetweenherbivorous,predatory,andomnivorousinsects(PHGLG(PPrPaOmSa。2.2 草地昆虫功能群数量及多样性变化放牧强度显著影响昆虫总数量和多样性(图 2)。在 LG 条件下,放牧使昆虫总数量显著增加。对于植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫来说,与 LG 相比,HG
15、明显降低了昆虫数量。与 CK 相比,植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫在 LG 条件下显著增加(PCKHG;随着放牧强度的增加,寄生性昆虫和腐生性昆虫均呈现下降趋势,表现为 CKLGHG。杂食性昆虫在 HG 条件下高于 LG 条件,但与CK 之间无显著差异(P0.05)。表 1 不同放牧强度草地植被基本情况Table 1 Basic situation of vegetation at different grazing intensities放牧强度Grazingintensity优势种组成Dominantspecies高度Height/cm盖度Coverage/%地上生物量Abovegroundbio
16、mass/(gm2)无放牧对照Control(CK)草原老鹳草+细果苔草+草地早熟禾Geranium pretense+Carex stenocarpa+Poa pratensis13.931.2697.121.16317.1424.25轻度放牧Lightgrazing(LG)细果苔草+草地早熟禾+委陵菜Carex stenocarpa+Poa pratensis+Poa pratensis12.871.0286.541.12274.7616.56重度放牧Heavygrazing(HG)醉马草+细果苔草+针茅Achnatherum inebrians+Carex stenocarpa+Stip
17、a capillata10.281.1178.371.12197.0339.521390草业科学第40卷http:/表 2 天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落组成Table 2 Composition of insect community in mountain meadow on the middle part of northern slope of Tianshan Mountain功能群Functionalgroup目Order科Family个体数Numberofindividuals比例Proportion/%等级ClassCKLGHGPh半翅目Hemiptera1.盲蝽科Mirid
18、ae2633973075.322.沫蝉总科Cercopoidea3375180.693.缘蝽科Coreidae50.024.蝽科Pentatomidae2336371755.75鞘翅目Coleoptera5.象甲科Curculionidae4639230.596.鳃金龟科Melolonthidae30.027.铁甲科Hispidae40.028.龟甲科Cassididae15820.539.拟步甲科Tenebrionidae110.0110.芫菁科Meloidae120.0211.叶甲科Chrysomelidae30.02双翅目Diptera12.秆蝇科Chloropidae955201343
19、818.77膜翅目Hymenoptera13.蜜蜂科Apidae614220.1814.叶蜂科Tenthredinidae4200.2315.花蝇科Anthomyiidae311158913.0916.准蜂科Melittidae273130.3417.蜾蝇科Drosophilidae60.0318.熊峰科Ursidae7229200.67直翅目Orthoptera19.蝗科Acrididae1751383523.66鳞翅目Lepidoptera20.粉蝶科Pieridae315165783.0821.蛾类moth96841541.84同翅目Homoptera22.蝉科Cicadidae110.
20、06Pr鞘翅目Coleoptera23.步甲科Carabidae3562921.0424.飘甲科Coccinellidae127299572.6625.花萤科Lampyridae346910.57双翅目Diptera26.蝇科Muscidae900137070116.3727.食虫虻科Asilidae51270.1328.食蚜蝇科Syrphidae163167321.9929.广口蝇科Platystomatidae3553301174.4230.舞虻科Empididae3090.21半翅目Hemiptera31.猎蝽科Reduviidae20.0132.姬蝽科Nabidae2430.05膜翅目
21、Hymenoptera33.泥蜂科Sphecidae196390.5034.蛛蜂科Pompilidae5920150.51脉翅目Neuroptera35.草蛉科Chrysopidae141770.20Pa膜翅目Hymenoptera36.姬蜂科Ichneumonidae256197492.7737.土蜂科Scoliidae6158290.8138.茧蜂科Braconidae340.07双翅目Diptera39.寄蝇科Larvaevoridae112579629212.20第5期苏比努尔吾麦尔江等:放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响1391http:/续表2Table2(Continu
22、ed)功能群Functionalgroup目Order科Family个体数Numberofindividuals比例Proportion/%等级ClassCKLGHGOm膜翅目Hymenoptera40.蚁蜂科Mutillidae3331144685.04双翅目Diptera41.大蚊科Tipulidae148140741.9942.麻蝇科Sarcophagidae420.23Sa鞘翅目Coleoptera43.粪蜣科Geotrupidae32490.25双翅目Diptera44.蚤蝇科Phoridae9934641.0845.小金蝇科Ulidiidae166154361.96等级为优势种(D
23、10%),为丰盛种(5%D10%),为常见种(1%D5%),为偶见种(0.1%D1%),为罕见种(D0.1%)。Ph,植食性昆虫;Pr,捕食性昆虫;Pa,寄生性昆虫;Om,杂食性昆虫;Sa,腐食性昆虫;CK,无放牧对照;LG,轻度放牧;HG,重度放牧。Classmeansthedominantspecies(D10%),meansrichspecies(5%D10%),meansthecommonspecies(1%D5%),meanstherarespecies(0.1%D1%),andmeanstherarespecies(D0.1%).Ph,phytophagousgroup;Pr,pr
24、edatorygroup;Pa,parasiticgroup;Om,omnivorousgroup;Sa,saprophyticgroup;CK,control;LG,lightgrazing;HG,heavygrazing.CKLGHGCKLGHG05001 0001 500昆虫数量Number of insectsCKLGHG放牧强度 Grazing intensityCKLGHG放牧强度 Grazing intensityabbabcaabaababb植食性昆虫 Ph捕食性昆虫 Pr寄生性昆虫 Pa杂食性昆虫 Om腐生性昆虫 Sa0.00.10.20.30.40.50.6aaabaaaa
25、abaaaabb昆虫 Peilou 指数Insect Peilou index0246810abcabcaababaabb昆虫 Shannon-Wiener 指数Insect Shannon-Wiener indexb昆虫 Simpson 指数Insect Simpson index0.000.020.040.060.080.100.120.140.16abaaaaaabaaaaaa图 2 昆虫数量及多样性变化Figure 2 Changes in insect abundance and diversity不同小写字母表示同一昆虫功能群在不同放牧强度下差异显著(PCKHG(P0.05);而腐
26、蚀性昆虫 Shannon-Wiener 指数在 HG 条件下出现峰值,CK 与 LG 之间无显著差异。植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫 Simpson 指数均呈先增加后下降趋势,在 LG 条件下出现峰值;杂食性昆虫和腐生性昆虫呈先下降后增加趋势,表现为HGCKLG,在 LG 条件下出现最低值。植食性昆虫、捕食性昆虫和杂食性昆虫不同放牧条件下Peilou 指数均无显著差异。与 CK 相比,寄生性昆虫在 LG 和 HG 条件下逐渐下降,表现为 CKLGHG;而腐生性昆虫呈先下降后增加趋势,在 LG 条件下出现最低值,表现为 CKHGLG。2.3 环境因子与昆虫功能群相关性昆虫数量变异的 88.2
27、%可以被排序图中的变量所解释,其中第一轴解释了 63.9%的变异信息,第二轴解释了 24.3%的变异信息。由 RDA 排序图(图 3)可以看出,寄生性昆虫和植物 Margalef 指数、杂食性昆虫和植物 Shannon-Wiener 指数显著正相关(P0.05);植食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫、捕食性昆虫 和 植 物 密 度、植 物 Margalef 指 数 显 著 正 相 关(P0.05),和植物高度、地上生物量、植物 Pielou 指数显著负相关(P0.05);腐生性昆虫和植物 Shannon-Wiener 指数、Simpson 指数显著负相关(P0.05)。3 讨论作为陆地上最大的有机群体,昆虫
28、分布在不同的营养级水平上20。因此,昆虫多样性能被很多种因素影响。本研究发现,轻度放牧的昆虫总数量均高于对照和重度放牧。这是因为适度放牧会增加植物种类和植物物种多样性,能为昆虫提供的可用资源就越多,如食物、休息、过冬场所。从而吸引更多的昆虫迁移到此地,使昆虫的数量逐渐上升,增加昆虫物种丰富度和物种多样性,这与朱慧等21研究结论一致。本研究捕捉到了植食性、捕食性、杂食性、腐生性和寄生性昆虫等不同类群的昆虫,其中大多数是植食性昆虫。原因是因为在夏季,高温和降雨一方面驱动了植物和昆虫的生长和繁殖22-23,另一方面,一些植食性昆虫与开花植物的访问有关(如蜜蜂,花蝇等)24-26,从而导致植食性昆虫最
29、多,这与陈志敏等27研究结论相似。适度放牧会增加植物种类和植物物种多样性,从而吸引更多的昆虫迁移到此地,并引起昆虫的数量逐渐上升,增加昆虫物种丰富度和物种多样性28。本研究发现,昆虫数量和物种丰富度受放牧强度和植物物种丰富度的影响最为明显。重度放牧明显降低了昆虫群落数量和物种丰富度,这是因为在高强度放牧条件下,植物群落结构发生了替代性变化,物种丰富度下降,家畜喜食的植物逐渐被有毒有害的醉马草等植物所替代,从而减少了昆虫的食物资源和避难所29-30,降低了生存的适宜度,导致了昆虫类群数量的降低,这个结论也被本研究证实(表 2)。不同放牧强度对山地草甸草地昆虫的物种多样性影响显著,同时放牧强度对昆
30、虫多样性起决定性作用。已有研究发现,昆虫多样性受多种生物和非生物因素的影响22,放牧可以调整植物的群落特征(如高度、密度、盖度、生物量等)从而影响昆虫的生存条件,并影响昆虫多样性。本研究通过对天山北坡中段的山地草甸草地昆虫群落组成与环境因子的冗余分析发现,最大相关因子是植物密度、植物Margalef 指 数、Shannon-Wiener 指 数 和 Simpson 指11Axis 2 24.3%Axis 1 63.9%11MargalefPaPrPhDensitySaBiomassPielouHeightSimpsonOmShannon图 3 昆虫类群与环境因子的冗余分析Figure 3 Re
31、dundancy analysis of insect groups andenvironmental factorsPh,植食性昆虫;Pr,捕食性昆虫;Pa,寄生性昆虫;Om,杂食性昆虫;Sa,腐生性昆虫;Density,植物密度;Biomass,地上生物量;Height,植物高度;Pielou,植物均匀度指数;Simpson,植物优势度指数;Shannon-Wiener,植物多样性指数;Margalef,植物丰富度指数。Ph,phytophagousgroup;Pr,predatorygroup;Pa,parasiticgroup;Om,omnivorousgroup;Sa,saproph
32、yticgroup;Density,plantdensity;Biomass,aboveground plant biomass;Height,plant height;Pielou,plant Pielouindex;Simpson,plant Simpson index;Shannon-Wiener,plant Shannon-Wienerindex;Margalef,plantShannonindex.第5期苏比努尔吾麦尔江等:放牧对天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落的影响1393http:/数。植食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫、捕食性昆虫和植物高度、地上生物量、植物 Pielou 指数显著负相关,
33、和植物密度、植物 Margalef 指数显著正相关。这说明天山北坡中段山地草甸草地很可能是通过植物的密度和多样性来影响生态系统对植食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫、捕食性昆虫的物种多样性的调节,并在这一过程中植物多样性对昆虫的物种及个体数量影响较明显,而对昆虫的活动、均匀度影响不明显。4 结论本研究通过分析不同放牧强度下天山北坡中段山地草甸草地昆虫群落结构及其多样性,得出如下结论:轻度放牧的昆虫总数量均高于对照和重度放牧。在本研究的样地中发现了不同类群的昆虫,如植食性、捕食性、杂食性、腐生性和寄生性昆虫,其中植食性昆虫和捕食性昆虫最多,腐生性昆虫最少。RDA 分析发现,昆虫群落受环境因子复合影响,其中植物
34、密度、Margalef 指数、Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Simpson 指数的影响较大。本研究结果可为保护天山北坡中段山地草甸草地的合理放牧利用及保护草地生态系统生物多样性提供科学依据和数据支撑。参考文献 References:王德利,王岭.草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展.草地学报,2011,19(4):699-704.WANGDL,WANGL.Interactionbetweenherbivoresandplantdiversity(Review).ActaAgrestiaSinica,2011,19(4):699-704.1彭媛媛.松嫩草地放牧对昆虫多样性作用的初步
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