研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2.doc

Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the citys size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often 3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the citys period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the citys ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)_safest_ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars and highways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human capital.Education is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school. If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the citys size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often 3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the citys period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the citys ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)_safest_ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars and highways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least 20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human capital.Education is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school. If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the citys size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often 3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorseses Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the citys period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the citys ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)_safest_ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars and highways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic product