现代西方哲学01.ppt

现代西方哲学思潮现代西方哲学思潮Lecturer:Li Xiaojin Ph.D from Sun Yat-sen university-School of Chinese of Beijing Normal University at ZhuhaiThe mordern western philosophy参参 考考 书书 目目四种人类解释世界的方式神话的方式：神话的方式：想象想象宗教的方式：宗教的方式：信仰信仰哲学的方式：哲学的方式：理性理性科学的方式：科学的方式：实验实验罗素：哲学是某种介于科学与宗教之间的东西。罗素：哲学是某种介于科学与宗教之间的东西。哲人名言哲人名言我不愿有一个装满东西的头脑，而宁愿我不愿有一个装满东西的头脑，而宁愿有一个思想开阔的头脑。有一个思想开阔的头脑。(蒙田蒙田)人是生而自由的，但却无往而不在枷锁人是生而自由的，但却无往而不在枷锁之中。自以为是其他一切的主人，反而之中。自以为是其他一切的主人，反而比其他一切更是奴隶。（比其他一切更是奴隶。（卢梭卢梭）导言：理性与非理性人类历史上的永恒矛盾辩论：理智与情感辩论：理智与情感正方：正方：理智是情感的奴隶理智是情感的奴隶。反方：反方：情感是理智的奴隶情感是理智的奴隶。Sense and Sensibility ReasonReason is a term that refers to the capacity human beings have to make sense of things,to establish and verify facts,and to change or justify practices,institutions and beliefs.It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as Philosophy,Science,language,mathematics and art,and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.Reason or reasoning is associated with thinking,cognition,and intellect.Reason,like habit or intuition,is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea.For example,it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect,truth and falsehood,and what is good or bad.In contrast to reason as an abstract noun,a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event,phenomenon or behaviour.The ways in which human beings reason through argument are the subject of inquiries in the field of logic.冷静 sober/calm自律性高,凡事三思而后行 判断事物时,有固定立场,理智及坚定 能作批判性思考,利用不同角度分析事物冷静冷静 意指面对任何事物能处变不惊，并且能在短时间内分析事物，意指面对任何事物能处变不惊，并且能在短时间内分析事物，作出有效的判断或作深入的理解。它是作出有效的判断或作深入的理解。它是人类人类的一种的一种行为模式行为模式，在行，在行为智能方面属为智能方面属理性理性范畴。范畴。冷静的三种表现特征：冷静的三种表现特征：How to calm down?The sleep of reason produces monsters IrrationalityIrrationality is cognition,thinking,talking or acting without inclusion of rationality.It is more specifically described as an action or opinion given through inadequate reasoning,emotional distress,or cognitive deficiency.The term is used,usually pejoratively,to describe thinking and actions that are,or appear to be,less useful or more illogical than other more rational alternatives.Irrational behaviors of individuals include taking offense or becoming angry about a situation that has not yet occurred,expressing emotions exaggeratedly(such as crying hysterically),maintaining unrealistic expectations,engaging in irresponsible conduct such as problem intoxication,disorganization,or extravagance,and falling victim to confidence tricks.People with a mental illness like schizophrenia may exhibit irrational paranoia.Women under Hysteria Superstition 迷信inspirationAsceticism Asceticism describes a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from various sorts of worldly pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals.Some forms of Christianity(see especially Monastic life)and the Indian religions(including yoga)teach salvation and liberation and involve a process of mind-body transformation effected by exercising restraint with respect to actions of body,speech,and mind.The founders and earliest practitioners of these religions(e.g.Buddhism,Jainism,the Christian desert fathers)lived extremely austere lifestyles,refraining from sensual pleasures and the accumulation of material wealth.This is to be understood not as an eschewal of the enjoyment of life,but a recognition that spiritual and religious goals are impeded by such indulgence.佛教徒的“五戒”：不杀生、不偷盗、不邪淫、不妄语、不饮酒。伊斯兰教的禁欲伊斯兰教的禁欲：不能接触有关猪的产品，不可以赌博、酗酒、嫖妓淫荡。基督教的禁欲基督教的禁欲：以奥古斯丁奥古斯丁的学说最为出名，他尊崇理性，贬低情欲；又认为性欲会使人的理性失去自主权；更认为性冲动反应代表着人类犯罪，所以当有欲望时会感到羞愧。所以有性欲是可耻的，是犯罪的。第一章第一章 唯意志论（叔本华）唯意志论（叔本华）the reason and non-reason Rationalism and irrationalismSocrates、Plato、Aristotle、Descartes、Spinoza、Leibniz、Kant、HegelSchopenhauer、Nietzsche、Bergson、Sartre、Freud、Foucault 神明般的神明般的 Plato奇迹般的奇迹般的 KantLeo TolstoyLeo Tolstoy 威尔威尔杜兰特杜兰特(Will Durant)The books of SchopenhauerDie Welt als Wille und Vorstellung Will 意欲意欲Things-in-themselves and representation“世界是我的表象世界是我的表象”Reason and Willa lame persona blind personfutilitarian Futilitarian and Buddhism 人生的本质就是痛苦。人生的本质就是痛苦。人虽然能够做他所想做的，但不能要他所想要人虽然能够做他所想做的，但不能要他所想要的。的。人生就是一团人生就是一团欲望欲望。当。当欲望欲望得不到满足便痛苦，得不到满足便痛苦，当当欲望欲望得到满足便得到满足便无聊无聊，人生就像钟摆一样在，人生就像钟摆一样在痛苦痛苦与与无聊无聊之间摇摆。之间摇摆。幸福不过是一场幸福不过是一场梦梦，不幸不幸才是真实的。才是真实的。生命是向生命是向死亡死亡讨来的借贷，而睡眠，不过是缴讨来的借贷，而睡眠，不过是缴付利息。付利息。Three traditions of philosophyWestern philosophy：prelifeConfucian philosophy:this lifeBuddhism philosophy:afterlifeHow to pull me away?1st:study Philosophy2nd:literature and arts 3rd:asceticismWang Guowei 王国维王国维红楼梦评论红楼梦评论叔本华：天才与儿童每个小孩儿都在某种程度上是一个天才，而每个天才都在某种程度上是一个小孩儿。叔本华：脖子长短关乎是否天才叔本华：脖子长短关乎是否天才 具有伟大头脑的人，很少是身材高大的，具有伟大头脑的人，很少是身材高大的，因为身材矮小，特别是短小脖子的人，因为身材矮小，特别是短小脖子的人，因为他的血液流通的路径比较短，能够因为他的血液流通的路径比较短，能够给大脑输送更多的能量，有利于大脑的给大脑输送更多的能量，有利于大脑的思考活动。思考活动。