中国文化鉴赏Unit2.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2017/4/17,#,Unit,2,Laozis Philosophy of Non-action,Content,Lead-in,Text,study,Exercises,“The Dao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Dao.The name that can be named is not the enduring and unchanging name.(Conceived of as)having no name,it is the Originator of heaven and earth;(conceived of as)having a name,it is the Mother of all things.”,Lead-in,Whats the Chinese version of these lines?,道可道,非常道,名可名,非常名,无名,天地之始,有名,万物之母,Introduction,Naturalness and Non-action,The Philosophy of Non-contention,Returning to Newborn State,Text study,Introduction,Laozi(about 571-471,BC),also called Laodan,（老聃）,surname Li,given,name,Ran,（冉）,and alias,Boyang,（伯阳）,.,He was,a recluse(,隐居者,)who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period.,He was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court,in charge of archival records of the Zhou Dynasty.,Laozi,Laozi was a man of great learning.Even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.(,孔子曾前往周都洛阳，问道于老子。老子张开嘴巴让孔子看，问道：“我的牙齿还在吗？”孔子如实回答：“不在了。”老子又问：“我的舌头还在吗？”孔子告诉老子：“还在。”老子意味深长地告诫孔子：“坚硬者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。牙齿是坚硬的，所以它老早就掉了；舌头是柔软的，所以它至今还存在。”,),Confucius consulting Laozi about,li,Introduction,Additional,Info,Why,is Li Ran known as Laozi rather than Lizi?,There are two explanations as to the source of“Laozi”.Some say during the period when Li Ran was alive,Lao and Li were pronounced in the same way.So“Laozi”actually sounded the same as“Lizi”at that time.The second legend is that Li Ran was born with white eyebrow and white beard like an old man.Thus he was called“Laozi”.,Introduction,Listening practice:introduction to Laozi,His name was _”Li Er”and he worked as an archivist,（案卷保管人）,at the _ of a monarch from the ruling of the Zhou _.But he became _ known by the name of Lao-tzu,which means something like old master.,Lao-tzu(604-531 B.C.)was mainly a _ and he wrote,Dao De Jing,.Lao-tzu believed that it was better to adapt oneself spontaneously(,自发地,)to the _ of life than to force,to worry,or to try to get hold on something.He clearly _ knowledge from wisdom and he _ great value to _,_,_ and _.,Listening practice:introduction to Laozi,His name was _”Li Er”and he worked as an archivist,（案卷保管人）,at the _ of a monarch from the ruling of the Zhou _.But he became _ known by the name of Lao-tzu,which means something like old master.,originally;court;Dynasty;generally;,Lao-tzu(604-531 B.C.)was mainly a _ and he wrote,Dao De Jing,.Lao-tzu believed that it was better to adapt oneself spontaneously(,自发地,)to the _ of life than to force,to worry,or to try to get hold on something.He clearly _ knowledge from wisdom and he _ great value to _,_,_ and _.,philosopher;circumstances;distinguished;attached;simplicity;integrity;compassion;modesty,Laozi,(,老子,),also known as,Classic of the Way and Virtue,(,Dao De Jing),.,The author is generally believed to be Laozi.,It,consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters.Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts,Dao,(the Way)and,De,(Virtue).,Introduction,Laozi,The book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture.,It became the basis of Daoism,the school of,philosophy,parallel to Confucianism in ancient China.,The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism,the most influential indigenous school of,religion,in China.,Introduction,The influence of,Laozi,It also exerts a direct impact on the,characteristics,trends of thought,and,aesthetic sensibilities,of the Chinese nation and is still playing a role in the development of,Chinese thinking,.,Introduction,Famous versions of its translation include that of James Legge and that of Stephen Mitchell.,Laozi,in the,world,It is,first introduced into Europe possibly as early as the 15th century,It,has become one of the most translated philosophical works of ancient China.,Additional,Info,Introduction,The core of Laozis philosophy,Many of Laozis enlightening views are based on his philosophy of,naturalness,and,non-action,.,Introduction,core of Laozis philosophy,Naturalness,What is it?,How should people deal with nature,?,Non-action,What are the misconceptions(,误解,)about it?,What does Laozi really mean by non-action?,their essence,What is it?,Whats the difference between ingenuity and great ingenuity?,Tell the story“useless tree”in your own words,carpenter(,木匠,);apprentice,（学徒）,;State of Qi,（齐国）；,a giant tree;trunk(,树干,),；,branches;without a look;fascinated;asked why;replied;useless;boat;sink;coffin(,棺材,);rot;utensils,（器皿）,;wear out,Message:The wisdom of the“useless tree”lies exactly in its uselessness,or its naturalness.,Critical thinking:What do you think of the story/tree?,Edward de Bono,Six thinking hats,六个“思考帽”,For China,Analysis,分析,Process,control,过,程控制,Creativity,创,新,Optimist,乐观,派,Intuition,直,觉,Pessimist,悲,观,派,Naturalness and Non-action,Naturalness(,顺应自然,),It refers to a natural state of being,an attitude of following the way of nature.,Everything in the world has its own way of being and development.,Natural phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will,and humans should not try to change anything natural.,Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.,Naturalness and Non-action,Non-action is the guarantee of“naturalness”.,Non-action(,无为,),Naturalness and Non-action,By saying“(,Dao,or the Way)acts through non-action”,Laozi did not mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved.Neither did he deny human creativity.,What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness,not on any attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature.Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.,Naturalness and Non-action,“(,Dao,or the Way)acts through non-action(,无为而无不为,).”,Selected from,Laozi,How do you understand this line?,“Great ingenuity appears to be stupidity(,大智若愚,;,大巧若拙,).”,Selected from,Laozi,How do you understand this line?,“Great ingenuity”refers to the highest level of ingenuity,arising so naturally that it does not resemble ingenuity at all.,Ingenuity can be achieved through human effort,but“great ingenuity”is superior to ordinary ingenuity.,Naturalness and Non-action,Deceit,To Laozi,resorting to deceit is true futility and would accomplish just the opposite result.,Those who intend to play tricks are not genuine and therefore are not natural.,Deceit is detrimental to naturalness and to the harmony of life.,Naturalness and Non-action,The Philosophy of Non-contention,Para 9 background/the time,How many philosophers against war are listed in this paragraph?Who are they and what do they advocate?,Para 10 cause of war,1.What does war spring from?,2.According to Laozi,what is the root cause of decline?What is the natural way of life?,Para 11 The greatest virtue is like water.,上善若水。,How many differences between humans and water are listed here?,What are they?,The law of the jungle,丛林法则；弱肉强食法则,Para 12 waters characteristics,Para 13 Water is full of strength.,Why is water invincible?,Para 14 How to become strong?,Para 15 Read the Chinese version first.,“人之生也柔弱，其死也坚强。草木之生也柔弱，其死也枯槁。故坚强者死之徒，柔弱者生之徒。强大处下，柔弱处上。”,(,选自,老子,七十六章,),Man at his birth is supple and weak;at his death,firm and strong.(So it is with)all things.,Trees and plants,in their early growth,are soft and brittle;at their death,dry and withered.,Thus it is that firmness and strength are the concomitants of death;softness and weakness,the concomitants of life.,Therefore the place of what is firm and strong is below,and that of what is soft and weak is above.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,Additional,Info,上善若水，水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，,故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，事善能，,动善时，夫惟不争，故无尤。,老子,八章,Additional,Info,The Philosophy of Non-contention,“Nothing in the world is weaker than water.Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong(,天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜。,).”,Selected from,Laozi,The Philosophy of Non-contention,On the basis of“naturalness”and“non-action”,Laozi proposed the view of“overcoming the strong by being weak(,以柔克刚,)”.,The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless war.,Overcoming the strong by being weak,War was an important theme for Laozi,and anti-war thinking was the norm.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,According to Laozi,war springs from humanitys bloated desires.Conflicts arises out of peoples struggle to satisfy their desires,and conflict escalates into war.,Human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline;desiring nothing is the natural way of life.,Therefore,Laozis philosophy is based on“non-contention”.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,“The greatest virtue,is like water.”,Laozi compared his philosophy of“non-contention”to water,to distinguish it from the law of jungle.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,“The greatest virtue is like water.”,上善若水，水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，,故几于道。居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，事善能，,动善时，夫惟不争，故无尤。,老子,八章,Additional,Info,The Philosophy of Non-contention,上善若水，水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。,Legge:The highest excellence is like(that of)water.The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things,and in its occupying,without striving(to the contrary),the low place which all men dislike.Hence(its way)is near to(that of)the Tao.,Additional,Info,The Philosophy of Non-contention,Mitchell:The supreme good is like water,which nourishes all things without trying to.It is content with the low places that people disdain.Thus it is like the Tao.,居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，事善能，动善时，,Legge:The excellence of a residence is in(the suitability of)the place;that of the mind is in abysmal stillness;that of associations is in their being with the virtuous;that of government is in its securing good order;that of(the conduct of)affairs is in its ability;and that of(the initiation of)any movement is in its timeliness.,Mitchell:In dwelling,live close to the ground.In thinking,keep to the simple.In conflict,be fair and generous.In governing,dont try to control.In work,do what you enjoy.In family life,be completely present.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,夫惟不争，故无尤。,Legge:And when(one with the highest excellence)does not wrangle(about his low position),no one finds fault with him.,Mitchell:When you are content to be simply yourself and dont compare or compete,everybody will respect you.,The Philosophy of Non-contention,The philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak.On the contrary,it is full of strength.,Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong.Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.,“Nothing in the world is weaker than water.Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong(,天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能胜。,).”,Selected from,Laozi,The Philosophy of Non-contention,The Philosophy of Non-contention,Returning to a Newborn State,Laozi saw the world as a madding crowd of vanity.He chose to live a simple,quiet life,and to keep his mind undisturbed in the face of temptation.He said he would rather remain a“newborn baby”.,A newborn state,How do you understand Laozis“newborn baby”state?,Returning to a Newborn State,The state of the newborn is free of any knowledge,desire,impurity or falsehood.When human beings come into the world,the gradually acquire external knowledge and accept social norms.As humans mature,they become more and more hypocritical.The process of acculturation is the process of losing ones true self.,This does not mean Laozi wanted to remain childishly ignorant.Laozis state of the newborn refers to“complete innocence”.,Laozi believed that sagespeople with the highest virtueall resembled newborns.,The highest level of ones cultivation was to return to the“complete innocence”of a newborn baby.,Returning to a Newborn State,To Laozi,civilization is to a certain degree a departure from the“true self”.,The development of human culture is a process of“decoration”.,Such“decorations”often turn into bloated desires.Desire-driven,human beings fight and deceive one another,leading to war.,Returning to a Newborn State,Desire disturbs peace of mind.If immersed in a sea of desire,in the end humans would be submerged.,“Beautiful colors blind the eyes,complex music harms the ears,rich flavors numb taste,while riding and hunting madden the mind(,五色令人目盲；五音令人耳聋；五味令人口爽；驰骋畋猎，令人心发狂。,).”,Selected from,Laozi,Bloated desire has damaged the external world as well as poisoned the human mind.,Returning to a Newborn State,Returning to a Newborn State,Exercises,Comprehension,Communication,Application,Comprehension,l.Skimming and Scanning,Go through the passage quickly and judge whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the passage.,_ 1),Laozi,is a lengthy book on the Way and Virtue,which has played an important role in Chinese culture.,_ 2)According to Laozis philosophy of naturalness,man should not attempt to manipulate nature.,_ 3)Laozis philosophy of non-action advocates humans act following the laws of nature.,F,T,T,_ 4)The story of a“useless tree”mentioned in Paragraph 7 mainly tells us that some living things in nature can survive others because of their naturalness.,_ 5)The philosophy of non-contention states that keeping mans desire avid can help resolve conflicts,thus avoiding wars.,_ 6)Laozis philosophy of“non-contention”is comparable to the law of the jungle.,T,F,F,Comprehension,_ 7)According to Laozi,when it comes to breaking the strong,the strength of water is superior to anything else.,_ 8)The basic way to prosperity is to keep superior in every way.,_ 9)Laozi would rather remain a“newborn baby”,because it has nothing to worry about.,_ 10)According to Laozi,the process of a mans growing up is that of losing his true ego.,T,F,F,T,Comprehension,Other,name(s),Time,of,writing,Length,Significance,International,influence,II.Careful Reading,1.Read the first two paragraphs and fill in the following table with the information about the book,Laozi,.,Comprehension,Classic of the Way and Virtue(Dao De Jing,),Around the 6th century BC,About 5,000 Chinese characters in 81 chapters,A direct impact on the characteristics,trends of thought,and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation,First introduced into Europe as early as the 15th century and one of the most translated,philosophical works of ancient China,2.Read the passage carefully and fill in the following blanks with the missing information.,1)Laozis thought has a great influence on the,and,of the Chinese people.,2)The examples of birds,fish,clouds and flowers are used to illustrate that_,.,3)The difference between great ingenuity and ordinary ingenuity lies in the fact that _,_,_,.,Comprehension,characteristics,trends of thought,aesthetic sensibilities,everything in the world,has its own way of being and development,the latter can be achieved through human effort,but the former is superior to the latter,4)In order to become strong,one should,instead of,.,6)The highest level of ones cultivation is to return to the state of a newborn baby,who is free of any knowledge,_,.,7)People fight and deceive one another out of,.,5)In La